Table 1 (continued)
HBCD
E. fetida (Ep) 50, 100, 200,
400, 600 mg kg
À1 for
14 days
SOD and GST gene
expression and
metabolomics
[68]
N-Ethyl
perfluorooctane
sulfonamidoethanol
(EtFOSE)
E. fetida (Ep) Quartz sand exposure
to 0.960 nmol g
À1
d.w. for 10 days
Activities of AChE,
POD, SOD, CAT,
GST and levels of
ROS, LPO and 8-OH
dG. Metabolite
identification
[69]
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP)
P. excavatus
(Ep)
Acute filter paper
contact test (1–
2 days) and chronic
soil 28-day test at
10 and 50 mg kg
À1
Metabolomics and
metabolite
identification
[70]
1-Butyl-3-methyl
imidazolium
tetrafluoroborate
[Bmim]BF4 (ionic
liquid)
E. fetida (Ep) [Bmim]BF4 (5, 10,
20 and 40 mg kg
À1
)
in artificial and natural soil exposures
after 7, 14, 21 and
28 days
ROS formation,
guaiacol peroxidase
(POD) and GST
activities, DNA
damage
[72]
1-Octyl-3methylimidazolium
hexafluorophosphate ([omim]PF6)
E. fetida (Ep) At 5, 10, 20 and
40 mg kg
À1 in artificial soil. Sampled on
7, 14, 21 and 28 days
ROS formation, antioxidant enzymes:
SOD, CAT, POD and
GST, LPO, DNA
damage (SCGE) in
coelomocytes
[73]
[Omim]BF4- and
[Omim]Brindependent
exposures
E. fetida (Ep) Both at 5, 10, 20, and
40 mg kg
À1
. Sampled
on days 7, 14, 21 and
28
ROS formation, antioxidant enzymes:
SOD, CAT, POD and
GST, LPO, DNA
damage (SCGE) in
coelomocytes
[74]
1-Alkyl-3-methyl
imidazole bromide
ionic [C n mim]Br
(n ¼ 2, 4, 6, 10, 12)
E. fetida (Ep) Each at 5, 10, 20, and
40 mg kg
À1
. Sampled
on days 14 and 28
ROS formation, antioxidant enzymes:
SOD, CAT, POD and
GST, LPO, DNA
damage (SCGE) in
coelomocytes
[75]
1-Octyl-3methylimidazolium
chloride ([C8mim]
Cl)
E. fetida (Ep) At 5, 10, 20 and
40 mg kg
À1 in artificial soil. Sampled on
7, 14, 21 and 28 days
ROS formation, antioxidant enzymes:
SOD, CAT, POD and
GST, LPO, DNA
damage (SCGE) in
coelomocytes
[76]
In brackets the ecological classification of earthworms as anecic (A), endogeic (En) and epibenthic
(Ep) is indicated as reported in [1]. Abbreviation for biomarker acronyms is provided in the text
322
M. Solé
HBCD
E. fetida (Ep) 50, 100, 200,
400, 600 mg kg
À1 for
14 days
SOD and GST gene
expression and
metabolomics
[68]
N-Ethyl
perfluorooctane
sulfonamidoethanol
(EtFOSE)
E. fetida (Ep) Quartz sand exposure
to 0.960 nmol g
À1
d.w. for 10 days
Activities of AChE,
POD, SOD, CAT,
GST and levels of
ROS, LPO and 8-OH
dG. Metabolite
identification
[69]
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP)
P. excavatus
(Ep)
Acute filter paper
contact test (1–
2 days) and chronic
soil 28-day test at
10 and 50 mg kg
À1
Metabolomics and
metabolite
identification
[70]
1-Butyl-3-methyl
imidazolium
tetrafluoroborate
[Bmim]BF4 (ionic
liquid)
E. fetida (Ep) [Bmim]BF4 (5, 10,
20 and 40 mg kg
À1
)
in artificial and natural soil exposures
after 7, 14, 21 and
28 days
ROS formation,
guaiacol peroxidase
(POD) and GST
activities, DNA
damage
[72]
1-Octyl-3methylimidazolium
hexafluorophosphate ([omim]PF6)
E. fetida (Ep) At 5, 10, 20 and
40 mg kg
À1 in artificial soil. Sampled on
7, 14, 21 and 28 days
ROS formation, antioxidant enzymes:
SOD, CAT, POD and
GST, LPO, DNA
damage (SCGE) in
coelomocytes
[73]
[Omim]BF4- and
[Omim]Brindependent
exposures
E. fetida (Ep) Both at 5, 10, 20, and
40 mg kg
À1
. Sampled
on days 7, 14, 21 and
28
ROS formation, antioxidant enzymes:
SOD, CAT, POD and
GST, LPO, DNA
damage (SCGE) in
coelomocytes
[74]
1-Alkyl-3-methyl
imidazole bromide
ionic [C n mim]Br
(n ¼ 2, 4, 6, 10, 12)
E. fetida (Ep) Each at 5, 10, 20, and
40 mg kg
À1
. Sampled
on days 14 and 28
ROS formation, antioxidant enzymes:
SOD, CAT, POD and
GST, LPO, DNA
damage (SCGE) in
coelomocytes
[75]
1-Octyl-3methylimidazolium
chloride ([C8mim]
Cl)
E. fetida (Ep) At 5, 10, 20 and
40 mg kg
À1 in artificial soil. Sampled on
7, 14, 21 and 28 days
ROS formation, antioxidant enzymes:
SOD, CAT, POD and
GST, LPO, DNA
damage (SCGE) in
coelomocytes
[76]
In brackets the ecological classification of earthworms as anecic (A), endogeic (En) and epibenthic
(Ep) is indicated as reported in [1]. Abbreviation for biomarker acronyms is provided in the text
322
M. Solé