398. Braoudaki M, Hilton AC (2004) Low level of cross-resistance between triclosan and antibiotics in Escherichia coli K-12 and E. coli O55 compared to E. coli O157. FEMS Microbiol Lett
235:305–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.04.049
399. Chuanchuen R, Beinlich K, Hoang TT, Becher A, Karkhoff-Schweizer RR, Schweizer HP
(2001) Cross-resistance between triclosan and antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is
mediated by multidrug efflux pumps: exposure of a susceptible mutant strain to triclosan
selects nfxB mutants overexpressing MexCD-OprJ. Antimicrob Agents Chemother
45:428–432. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.2.428-432.2001
400. Karatzas KAG, Webber MA, Jorgensen F, Woodward MJ, Piddock LJV, Humphrey TJ (2007)
Prolonged treatment of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with commercial disinfectants selects for multiple antibiotic resistance, increased efflux and reduced invasiveness. J
Antimicrob Chemother 60:947–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm314
401. Carey DE, McNamara PJ (2015) The impact of triclosan on the spread of antibiotic resistance
in the environment. Front Microbiol 5:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00780
402. Russell AD, Tattawasart U, Maillard JY, Furr JR (1998) Possible link between bacterial
resistance and use of antibiotics and biocides [2]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:2151.
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.8.2151
403. Schweizer HP (2001) Triclosan: a widely used biocide and its link to antibiotics. FEMS
Microbiol Lett 202:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10772.x
404. Yazdankhah SP, Scheie AA, Høiby EA, Lunestad BT, Heir E, Fotland TØ, Naterstad K, Kruse
H (2006) Triclosan and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria: an overview. Microb Drug Resist
12:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2006.12.83
405. Waller NJ, Kookana RS (2009) Effect of triclosan on microbial activity in Australian soils.
Environ Toxicol Chem 28:65. https://doi.org/10.1897/08-224.1
406. Park I, Zhang N, Ogunyoku TA, Young TM, Scow KM (2013) Effects of Triclosan and
biosolids on microbial community composition in an agricultural soil. Water Environ Res
85:2237–2242. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143012x13560205144335
407. Ghannoum MA, Rice LB (1999) Antifungal agents: mode of action, mechanisms of resistance,
and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev
12:501–517. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.4.501
408. Shalini K, Kumar N, Drabu S, Sharma PK (2011) Advances in synthetic approach to and
antifungal activity of triazoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 7:668–677. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.
7.79
409. Fletcher RA, Gilley A, Sankhla N, Davis TD (2010) Triazoles as plant growth regulators and
stress protectants. In: Horticultural reviews. Wiley, Oxford, pp 55–138. https://doi.org/10.
1002/9780470650776.ch3
410. Hof H (2001) Critical annotations to the use of azole antifungals for plant protection.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:2987–2990. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.11.29872990.2001
411. Kishorekumar A, Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Sridharan R, Panneerselvam R (2007)
Comparative effects of different triazole compounds on growth, photosynthetic pigments and
carbohydrate metabolism of Solenostemon rotundifolius. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces
60:207–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.06.008
412. Peyton LR, Gallagher S, Hashemzadeh M (2015) Triazole antifungals: a review. Drugs Today
51:705–718. https://doi.org/10.1358/dot.2015.51.12.2421058
413. Huang Q, Yu Y, Tang C, Peng X (2010) Determination of commonly used azole antifungals in
various waters and sewage sludge using ultra-high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1217:3481–3488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chroma.2010.03.022
414. Kahle M, Buerge IJ, Hauser A, Müller MD, Poiger T (2008) Azole fungicides: occurrence and
fate in wastewater and surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 42:7193–7200. https://doi.org/10.
1021/es8009309
306
S. Gallego and F. Martin-Laurent
235:305–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.04.049
399. Chuanchuen R, Beinlich K, Hoang TT, Becher A, Karkhoff-Schweizer RR, Schweizer HP
(2001) Cross-resistance between triclosan and antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is
mediated by multidrug efflux pumps: exposure of a susceptible mutant strain to triclosan
selects nfxB mutants overexpressing MexCD-OprJ. Antimicrob Agents Chemother
45:428–432. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.2.428-432.2001
400. Karatzas KAG, Webber MA, Jorgensen F, Woodward MJ, Piddock LJV, Humphrey TJ (2007)
Prolonged treatment of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with commercial disinfectants selects for multiple antibiotic resistance, increased efflux and reduced invasiveness. J
Antimicrob Chemother 60:947–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm314
401. Carey DE, McNamara PJ (2015) The impact of triclosan on the spread of antibiotic resistance
in the environment. Front Microbiol 5:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00780
402. Russell AD, Tattawasart U, Maillard JY, Furr JR (1998) Possible link between bacterial
resistance and use of antibiotics and biocides [2]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:2151.
https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.8.2151
403. Schweizer HP (2001) Triclosan: a widely used biocide and its link to antibiotics. FEMS
Microbiol Lett 202:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10772.x
404. Yazdankhah SP, Scheie AA, Høiby EA, Lunestad BT, Heir E, Fotland TØ, Naterstad K, Kruse
H (2006) Triclosan and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria: an overview. Microb Drug Resist
12:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2006.12.83
405. Waller NJ, Kookana RS (2009) Effect of triclosan on microbial activity in Australian soils.
Environ Toxicol Chem 28:65. https://doi.org/10.1897/08-224.1
406. Park I, Zhang N, Ogunyoku TA, Young TM, Scow KM (2013) Effects of Triclosan and
biosolids on microbial community composition in an agricultural soil. Water Environ Res
85:2237–2242. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143012x13560205144335
407. Ghannoum MA, Rice LB (1999) Antifungal agents: mode of action, mechanisms of resistance,
and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev
12:501–517. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.4.501
408. Shalini K, Kumar N, Drabu S, Sharma PK (2011) Advances in synthetic approach to and
antifungal activity of triazoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 7:668–677. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.
7.79
409. Fletcher RA, Gilley A, Sankhla N, Davis TD (2010) Triazoles as plant growth regulators and
stress protectants. In: Horticultural reviews. Wiley, Oxford, pp 55–138. https://doi.org/10.
1002/9780470650776.ch3
410. Hof H (2001) Critical annotations to the use of azole antifungals for plant protection.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:2987–2990. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.11.29872990.2001
411. Kishorekumar A, Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Sridharan R, Panneerselvam R (2007)
Comparative effects of different triazole compounds on growth, photosynthetic pigments and
carbohydrate metabolism of Solenostemon rotundifolius. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces
60:207–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.06.008
412. Peyton LR, Gallagher S, Hashemzadeh M (2015) Triazole antifungals: a review. Drugs Today
51:705–718. https://doi.org/10.1358/dot.2015.51.12.2421058
413. Huang Q, Yu Y, Tang C, Peng X (2010) Determination of commonly used azole antifungals in
various waters and sewage sludge using ultra-high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1217:3481–3488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chroma.2010.03.022
414. Kahle M, Buerge IJ, Hauser A, Müller MD, Poiger T (2008) Azole fungicides: occurrence and
fate in wastewater and surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 42:7193–7200. https://doi.org/10.
1021/es8009309
306
S. Gallego and F. Martin-Laurent