381. Wang X, Liu Z, Wang W, Yan Z, Zhang C, Wang W, Chen L (2014) Assessment of toxic
effects of triclosan on the terrestrial snail (Achatina fulica). Chemosphere 108:225–230.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.044
382. Yueh M-F, Tukey RH (2016) Triclosan: a widespread environmental toxicant with many
biological effects. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 56:251–272. https://doi.org/10.1146/
annurev-pharmtox-010715-103417
383. Zaltauskaite J, Miskelyte D (2018) Biochemical and life cycle effects of triclosan chronic
toxicity to earthworm Eisenia fetida. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:18938–18946. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11356-018-2065-4
384. Aryal N, Reinhold DM (2011) Phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials from biosolids: impacts
on environmental fate and relevance to human exposure. Water Res 45:5545–5552. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027
385. Mendez MO, Valdez EM, Martinez EM, Saucedo M, Wilson BA (2016) Fate of triclosan in
irrigated soil: degradation in soil and translocation into onion and tomato. J Environ Qual
45:1029–1035. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.07.0386
386. Pannu MW, Toor GS, O’Connor GA, Wilson PC (2012) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of
biosolids-borne triclosan in food crops. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:2130–2137. https://doi.org/
10.1002/etc.1930
387. Cajthaml T, Křesinová Z, Svobodová K, Möder M (2009) Biodegradation of endocrinedisrupting compounds and suppression of estrogenic activity by ligninolytic fungi.
Chemosphere 75:745–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.034
388. Hundt K, Martin D, Hammer E, Jonas U, Kindermann MK, Schauer F (2000) Transformation
of triclosan by Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Appl Environ Microbiol
66:4157–4160. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.4157-4160.2000
389. Chen X, Zhuang J, Bester K (2018) Degradation of triclosan by environmental microbial
consortia and by axenic cultures of microorganisms with concerns to wastewater treatment.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:5403–5417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9029-y
390. Lee DG, Chu KH (2013) Effects of growth substrate on triclosan biodegradation potential of
oxygenase-expressing bacteria. Chemosphere 93:1904–1911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2013.06.069
391. Lee DG, Zhao F, Rezenom YH, Russell DH, Chu KH (2012) Biodegradation of triclosan by a
wastewater microorganism. Water Res 46:4226–4234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.
05.025
392. Lolas IB, Chen X, Bester K, Nielsen JL (2012) Identification of triclosan-degrading bacteria
using stable isotope probing, fluorescence in situ hybridization and microautoradiography.
Microbiol (United Kingdom) 158:2796–2804. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.061077-0
393. Roh H, Subramanya N, Zhao F, Yu CP, Sandt J, Chu KH (2009) Biodegradation potential of
wastewater micropollutants by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Chemosphere 77:1084–1089.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.049
394. Forbes S, Dobson CB, Humphreys GJ, McBain AJ (2014) Transient and sustained bacterial
adaptation following repeated sublethal exposure to microbicides and a novel human antimicrobial peptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:5809–5817. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.
03364-14
395. Russell AD (2003) Biocide use and antibiotic resistance: the relevance of laboratory findings
to clinical and environmental situations. Lancet Infect Dis 3:794–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S1473-3099(03)00833-8
396. Mcmurry LM, Oethinger M, Levy SB (1998) Overexpression of marA, soxS , or acrAB
produces resistance to triclosan in laboratory and clinical strains of Escherichia coli. FEMS
Microbiol Lett 166:305–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13905.x
397. Russell AD (2000) Do biocides select for antibiotic resistance? J Pharm Pharmacol
52:227–233. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357001773742
Impact of PhACs on Soil Microorganisms
305
effects of triclosan on the terrestrial snail (Achatina fulica). Chemosphere 108:225–230.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.044
382. Yueh M-F, Tukey RH (2016) Triclosan: a widespread environmental toxicant with many
biological effects. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 56:251–272. https://doi.org/10.1146/
annurev-pharmtox-010715-103417
383. Zaltauskaite J, Miskelyte D (2018) Biochemical and life cycle effects of triclosan chronic
toxicity to earthworm Eisenia fetida. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:18938–18946. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11356-018-2065-4
384. Aryal N, Reinhold DM (2011) Phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials from biosolids: impacts
on environmental fate and relevance to human exposure. Water Res 45:5545–5552. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.027
385. Mendez MO, Valdez EM, Martinez EM, Saucedo M, Wilson BA (2016) Fate of triclosan in
irrigated soil: degradation in soil and translocation into onion and tomato. J Environ Qual
45:1029–1035. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.07.0386
386. Pannu MW, Toor GS, O’Connor GA, Wilson PC (2012) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of
biosolids-borne triclosan in food crops. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:2130–2137. https://doi.org/
10.1002/etc.1930
387. Cajthaml T, Křesinová Z, Svobodová K, Möder M (2009) Biodegradation of endocrinedisrupting compounds and suppression of estrogenic activity by ligninolytic fungi.
Chemosphere 75:745–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.034
388. Hundt K, Martin D, Hammer E, Jonas U, Kindermann MK, Schauer F (2000) Transformation
of triclosan by Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Appl Environ Microbiol
66:4157–4160. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.4157-4160.2000
389. Chen X, Zhuang J, Bester K (2018) Degradation of triclosan by environmental microbial
consortia and by axenic cultures of microorganisms with concerns to wastewater treatment.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:5403–5417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9029-y
390. Lee DG, Chu KH (2013) Effects of growth substrate on triclosan biodegradation potential of
oxygenase-expressing bacteria. Chemosphere 93:1904–1911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2013.06.069
391. Lee DG, Zhao F, Rezenom YH, Russell DH, Chu KH (2012) Biodegradation of triclosan by a
wastewater microorganism. Water Res 46:4226–4234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.
05.025
392. Lolas IB, Chen X, Bester K, Nielsen JL (2012) Identification of triclosan-degrading bacteria
using stable isotope probing, fluorescence in situ hybridization and microautoradiography.
Microbiol (United Kingdom) 158:2796–2804. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.061077-0
393. Roh H, Subramanya N, Zhao F, Yu CP, Sandt J, Chu KH (2009) Biodegradation potential of
wastewater micropollutants by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Chemosphere 77:1084–1089.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.049
394. Forbes S, Dobson CB, Humphreys GJ, McBain AJ (2014) Transient and sustained bacterial
adaptation following repeated sublethal exposure to microbicides and a novel human antimicrobial peptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:5809–5817. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.
03364-14
395. Russell AD (2003) Biocide use and antibiotic resistance: the relevance of laboratory findings
to clinical and environmental situations. Lancet Infect Dis 3:794–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S1473-3099(03)00833-8
396. Mcmurry LM, Oethinger M, Levy SB (1998) Overexpression of marA, soxS , or acrAB
produces resistance to triclosan in laboratory and clinical strains of Escherichia coli. FEMS
Microbiol Lett 166:305–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13905.x
397. Russell AD (2000) Do biocides select for antibiotic resistance? J Pharm Pharmacol
52:227–233. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357001773742
Impact of PhACs on Soil Microorganisms
305