of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii by inhibition of apicomplexan Fab I. Int J
Parasitol 31:109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00111-4
363. Russell AD (2004) Whither triclosan? J Antimicrob Chemother 53:693–695. https://doi.org/
10.1093/jac/dkh171
364. ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) (2015) Biocidal Products Committee (BPC) opinion on
the application for approval of the active substance: triclosan product-type: 1 3:1–11
365. European Commission (2016) COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2016/110
of 27 January 2016 not approving triclosan as an existing active substance for use in biocidal
products for product- type 1. Euratom 2001:20–30. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/
l_285/l_28520031101en00330037.pdf
366. FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) (2016) Safety and effectiveness of health care
antiseptics; topical antimicrobial drug products for over-the-counter human use. Final rule,
Federal register
367. Davis EF, Klosterhaus SL, Stapleton HM (2012) Measurement of flame retardants and
triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids. Environ Int 40:1–7. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.envint.2011.11.008
368. Heidler J, Halden RU (2007) Mass balance assessment of triclosan removal during conventional sewage treatment. Chemosphere 66:362–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2006.04.066
369. Ogunyoku TA, Young TM (2014) Removal of triclocarban and triclosan during municipal
biosolid production. Water Environ Res 86:197–203. https://doi.org/10.2175/
106143013x13807328849378
370. Chalew TEA, Halden RU (2009) Environmental exposure of aquatic and terrestrial biota to
triclosan and triclocarban. J Am Water Resour Assoc 45:4–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17521688.2008.00284.x
371. Halden RU, Paull DH (2005) Co-occurrence of triclocarban and triclosan in U.S. water
resources. Environ Sci Technol 39:1420–1426. https://doi.org/10.1021/es049071e
372. Higgins CP, Paesani ZJ, Abbott Chalew TE, Halden RU, Hundal LS (2011) Persistence of
triclocarban and triclosan in soils after land application of biosolids and bioaccumulation in
Eisenia foetida. Environ Toxicol Chem 30:556–563. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.416
373. Olaniyan LWB, Mkwetshana N, Okoh AI (2016) Triclosan in water, implications for human
and environmental health. Springerplus 5:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3287-x
374. Coogan MA, La Point TW (2008) Snail bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and
methyltriclosan in a North Texas, USA, stream affected by wastewater treatment plant runoff.
Environ Toxicol Chem 27:1788–1793. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-374.1
375. Prosser RS, Lissemore L, Topp E, Sibley PK (2014) Bioaccumulation of triclosan and
triclocarban in plants grown in soils amended with municipal dewatered biosolids. Environ
Toxicol Chem 33:975–984. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2505
376. Dhillon GS, Kaur S, Pulicharla R, Brar SK, Cledón M, Verma M, Surampalli RY (2015)
Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential. Int J
Environ Res Public Health 12:5657–5684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505657
377. Gillis JD, Price GW, Prasher S (2017) Lethal and sub-lethal effects of triclosan toxicity to the
earthworm Eisenia fetida assessed through GC–MS metabolomics. J Hazard Mater
323:203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.022
378. Orvos DR, Versteeg DJ, Inauen J, Capdevielle M, Rothenstein A, Cunningham V (2002)
Aquatic toxicity of triclosan. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:1338–1349
379. Tatarazako N, Ishibashi H, Teshima K, Kishi K, Arizono K (2004) Effects of triclosan on
various aquatic organisms. Environ Sci 11:133–140
380. Wang F, Xu R, Zheng F, Liu H (2018) Effects of triclosan on acute toxicity, genetic toxicity
and oxidative stress in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Exp Anim 67:219–227. https://doi.org/10.
1538/expanim.17-0101
304
S. Gallego and F. Martin-Laurent
Parasitol 31:109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00111-4
363. Russell AD (2004) Whither triclosan? J Antimicrob Chemother 53:693–695. https://doi.org/
10.1093/jac/dkh171
364. ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) (2015) Biocidal Products Committee (BPC) opinion on
the application for approval of the active substance: triclosan product-type: 1 3:1–11
365. European Commission (2016) COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2016/110
of 27 January 2016 not approving triclosan as an existing active substance for use in biocidal
products for product- type 1. Euratom 2001:20–30. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/
l_285/l_28520031101en00330037.pdf
366. FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) (2016) Safety and effectiveness of health care
antiseptics; topical antimicrobial drug products for over-the-counter human use. Final rule,
Federal register
367. Davis EF, Klosterhaus SL, Stapleton HM (2012) Measurement of flame retardants and
triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids. Environ Int 40:1–7. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.envint.2011.11.008
368. Heidler J, Halden RU (2007) Mass balance assessment of triclosan removal during conventional sewage treatment. Chemosphere 66:362–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2006.04.066
369. Ogunyoku TA, Young TM (2014) Removal of triclocarban and triclosan during municipal
biosolid production. Water Environ Res 86:197–203. https://doi.org/10.2175/
106143013x13807328849378
370. Chalew TEA, Halden RU (2009) Environmental exposure of aquatic and terrestrial biota to
triclosan and triclocarban. J Am Water Resour Assoc 45:4–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17521688.2008.00284.x
371. Halden RU, Paull DH (2005) Co-occurrence of triclocarban and triclosan in U.S. water
resources. Environ Sci Technol 39:1420–1426. https://doi.org/10.1021/es049071e
372. Higgins CP, Paesani ZJ, Abbott Chalew TE, Halden RU, Hundal LS (2011) Persistence of
triclocarban and triclosan in soils after land application of biosolids and bioaccumulation in
Eisenia foetida. Environ Toxicol Chem 30:556–563. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.416
373. Olaniyan LWB, Mkwetshana N, Okoh AI (2016) Triclosan in water, implications for human
and environmental health. Springerplus 5:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3287-x
374. Coogan MA, La Point TW (2008) Snail bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and
methyltriclosan in a North Texas, USA, stream affected by wastewater treatment plant runoff.
Environ Toxicol Chem 27:1788–1793. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-374.1
375. Prosser RS, Lissemore L, Topp E, Sibley PK (2014) Bioaccumulation of triclosan and
triclocarban in plants grown in soils amended with municipal dewatered biosolids. Environ
Toxicol Chem 33:975–984. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2505
376. Dhillon GS, Kaur S, Pulicharla R, Brar SK, Cledón M, Verma M, Surampalli RY (2015)
Triclosan: current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential. Int J
Environ Res Public Health 12:5657–5684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505657
377. Gillis JD, Price GW, Prasher S (2017) Lethal and sub-lethal effects of triclosan toxicity to the
earthworm Eisenia fetida assessed through GC–MS metabolomics. J Hazard Mater
323:203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.022
378. Orvos DR, Versteeg DJ, Inauen J, Capdevielle M, Rothenstein A, Cunningham V (2002)
Aquatic toxicity of triclosan. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:1338–1349
379. Tatarazako N, Ishibashi H, Teshima K, Kishi K, Arizono K (2004) Effects of triclosan on
various aquatic organisms. Environ Sci 11:133–140
380. Wang F, Xu R, Zheng F, Liu H (2018) Effects of triclosan on acute toxicity, genetic toxicity
and oxidative stress in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Exp Anim 67:219–227. https://doi.org/10.
1538/expanim.17-0101
304
S. Gallego and F. Martin-Laurent