415. Van De Steene JC, Stove CP, Lambert WE (2010) A field study on 8 pharmaceuticals and
1 pesticide in Belgium: removal rates in waste water treatment plants and occurrence in surface
water. Sci Total Environ 408:3448–3453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.037
416. Wick A, Fink G, Ternes TA (2010) Comparison of electrospray ionization and atmospheric
pressure chemical ionization for multi-residue analysis of biocides, UV-filters and
benzothiazoles in aqueous matrices and activated sludge by liquid chromatography-tandem
mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1217:2088–2103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.
01.079
417. Assress HA, Nyoni H, Mamba BB, Msagati TAM (2020) Occurrence and risk assessment of
azole antifungal drugs in water and wastewater. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 187:109868. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109868
418. Peng X, Huang Q, Zhang K, Yu Y, Wang Z, Wang C (2012) Distribution, behavior and fate of
azole antifungals during mechanical, biological, and chemical treatments in sewage treatment
plants in China. Sci Total Environ 426:311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.
067
419. Stamatis N, Hela D, Konstantinou I (2010) Occurrence and removal of fungicides in municipal
sewage treatment plant. J Hazard Mater 175:829–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.
10.084
420. Chen ZF, Ying GG (2015) Occurrence, fate and ecological risk of five typical azole fungicides
as therapeutic and personal care products in the environment: a review. Environ Int
84:142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.022
421. Chen ZF, Ying GG, Jiang YX, Yang B, Lai HJ, Liu YS, Pan CG, Peng FQ (2014)
Photodegradation of the azole fungicide fluconazole in aqueous solution under UV-254:
kinetics, mechanistic investigations and toxicity evaluation. Water Res 52:83–91. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.039
422. Chen ZF, Ying GG, Ma YB, Lai HJ, Chen F, Pan CG (2013) Typical azole biocides in
biosolid-amended soils and plants following biosolid applications. J Agric Food Chem
61:6198–6206. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4013949
423. Lindberg RH, Fick J, Tysklind M (2010) Screening of antimycotics in Swedish sewage
treatment plants – waters and sludge. Water Res 44:649–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
watres.2009.10.034
424. Richmond EK, Rosi EJ, Walters DM, Fick J, Hamilton SK, Brodin T, Sundelin A, Grace MR
(2018) A diverse suite of pharmaceuticals contaminates stream and riparian food webs. Nat
Commun 9:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06822-w
425. Rossmann J, Schubert S, Gurke R, Oertel R, Kirch W (2014) Simultaneous determination of
most prescribed antibiotics in multiple urban wastewater by SPE-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B
Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 969:162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.
008
426. Álvarez-Martín A, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Pose-Juan E, Rodríguez-Cruz MS (2016) Effect of
different rates of spent mushroom substrate on the dissipation and bioavailability of cymoxanil
and tebuconazole in an agricultural soil. Sci Total Environ 550:495–503. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.151
427. Badawi N, Rosenbom AE, Jensen AMD, Sørensen SR (2016) Degradation and sorption of the
fungicide tebuconazole in soils from golf greens. Environ Pollut 219:368–378. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.045
428. Bromilow RH, Evans AA, Nicholls PH (1999) Factors affecting degradation rates of five
triazole fungicides in two soil types: 2 field studies. Pestic Sci 55:1135–1142. https://doi.org/
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199912)55:12<1135::AID-PS73>3.0.CO;2-1
429. El Azhari N, Dermou E, Barnard RL, Storck V, Tourna M, Beguet J, Karas PA, Lucini L,
Rouard N, Botteri L, Ferrari F, Trevisan M, Karpouzas DG, Martin-Laurent F (2018) The
dissipation and microbial ecotoxicity of tebuconazole and its transformation products in soil
under standard laboratory and simulated winter conditions. Sci Total Environ
637–638:892–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.088
Impact of PhACs on Soil Microorganisms
307
1 pesticide in Belgium: removal rates in waste water treatment plants and occurrence in surface
water. Sci Total Environ 408:3448–3453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.037
416. Wick A, Fink G, Ternes TA (2010) Comparison of electrospray ionization and atmospheric
pressure chemical ionization for multi-residue analysis of biocides, UV-filters and
benzothiazoles in aqueous matrices and activated sludge by liquid chromatography-tandem
mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1217:2088–2103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.
01.079
417. Assress HA, Nyoni H, Mamba BB, Msagati TAM (2020) Occurrence and risk assessment of
azole antifungal drugs in water and wastewater. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 187:109868. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109868
418. Peng X, Huang Q, Zhang K, Yu Y, Wang Z, Wang C (2012) Distribution, behavior and fate of
azole antifungals during mechanical, biological, and chemical treatments in sewage treatment
plants in China. Sci Total Environ 426:311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.
067
419. Stamatis N, Hela D, Konstantinou I (2010) Occurrence and removal of fungicides in municipal
sewage treatment plant. J Hazard Mater 175:829–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.
10.084
420. Chen ZF, Ying GG (2015) Occurrence, fate and ecological risk of five typical azole fungicides
as therapeutic and personal care products in the environment: a review. Environ Int
84:142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.022
421. Chen ZF, Ying GG, Jiang YX, Yang B, Lai HJ, Liu YS, Pan CG, Peng FQ (2014)
Photodegradation of the azole fungicide fluconazole in aqueous solution under UV-254:
kinetics, mechanistic investigations and toxicity evaluation. Water Res 52:83–91. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.039
422. Chen ZF, Ying GG, Ma YB, Lai HJ, Chen F, Pan CG (2013) Typical azole biocides in
biosolid-amended soils and plants following biosolid applications. J Agric Food Chem
61:6198–6206. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4013949
423. Lindberg RH, Fick J, Tysklind M (2010) Screening of antimycotics in Swedish sewage
treatment plants – waters and sludge. Water Res 44:649–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
watres.2009.10.034
424. Richmond EK, Rosi EJ, Walters DM, Fick J, Hamilton SK, Brodin T, Sundelin A, Grace MR
(2018) A diverse suite of pharmaceuticals contaminates stream and riparian food webs. Nat
Commun 9:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06822-w
425. Rossmann J, Schubert S, Gurke R, Oertel R, Kirch W (2014) Simultaneous determination of
most prescribed antibiotics in multiple urban wastewater by SPE-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B
Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 969:162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.
008
426. Álvarez-Martín A, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Pose-Juan E, Rodríguez-Cruz MS (2016) Effect of
different rates of spent mushroom substrate on the dissipation and bioavailability of cymoxanil
and tebuconazole in an agricultural soil. Sci Total Environ 550:495–503. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.151
427. Badawi N, Rosenbom AE, Jensen AMD, Sørensen SR (2016) Degradation and sorption of the
fungicide tebuconazole in soils from golf greens. Environ Pollut 219:368–378. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.045
428. Bromilow RH, Evans AA, Nicholls PH (1999) Factors affecting degradation rates of five
triazole fungicides in two soil types: 2 field studies. Pestic Sci 55:1135–1142. https://doi.org/
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199912)55:12<1135::AID-PS73>3.0.CO;2-1
429. El Azhari N, Dermou E, Barnard RL, Storck V, Tourna M, Beguet J, Karas PA, Lucini L,
Rouard N, Botteri L, Ferrari F, Trevisan M, Karpouzas DG, Martin-Laurent F (2018) The
dissipation and microbial ecotoxicity of tebuconazole and its transformation products in soil
under standard laboratory and simulated winter conditions. Sci Total Environ
637–638:892–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.088
Impact of PhACs on Soil Microorganisms
307