67. Carter LJ, Garman CD, Ryan J, Dowle A, Bergström E, Thomas-Oates J, Boxall ABA (2014)
Fate and uptake of pharmaceuticals in soil-earthworm systems. Environ Sci Technol
48:5955–5963. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500567w
68. Carvalho PN, Basto MCP, Almeida CMR, Brix H (2014) A review of plant–pharmaceutical
interactions: from uptake and effects in crop plants to phytoremediation in constructed
wetlands. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:11729–11763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-0142550-3
69. Kalaji HM, Rastogi A (2017) Pharmaceutical compounds: an emerging pollutant (a review on
plant-pharmaceuticals interaction). Chiang Mai J Sci 44:287–297
70. Wu X, Dodgen LK, Conkle JL, Gan J (2015) Plant uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care
products from recycled water and biosolids: a review. Sci Total Environ 536:655–666. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.129
71. Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Burkhardt MR, Zaugg SD, Werner SL, Bossio JP,
Benotti MJ (2008) Bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and other anthropogenic waste indicators in earthworms from agricultural soil amended with biosolid or swine manure. Environ
Sci Technol 42:1863–1870. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702304c
72. Macherius A, Lapen DR, Reemtsma T, Römbke J, Topp E, Coors A (2014) Triclocarban,
triclosan and its transformation product methyl triclosan in native earthworm species four
years after a commercial-scale biosolids application. Sci Total Environ 472:235–238. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.113
73. Zhao JL, Furlong ET, Schoenfuss HL, Kolpin DW, Bird KL, Feifarek DJ, Schwab EA, Ying
GG (2017) Uptake and disposition of select pharmaceuticals by bluegill exposed at constant
concentrations in a flow-through aquatic exposure system. Environ Sci Technol
51:4434–4444. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00604
74. Grossberger A, Hadar Y, Borch T, Chefetz B (2014) Biodegradability of pharmaceutical
compounds in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater. Environ Pollut
185:168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.038
75. Achermann S, Bianco V, Mansfeldt CB, Vogler B, Kolvenbach BA, Corvini PFX, Fenner K
(2018) Biotransformation of sulfonamide antibiotics in activated sludge: the formation of
pterin-conjugates leads to sustained risk. Environ Sci Technol 52:6265–6274. https://doi.org/
10.1021/acs.est.7b06716
76. Achermann S, Falås P, Joss A, Mansfeldt CB, Men Y, Vogler B, Fenner K (2018) Trends in
micropollutant biotransformation along a solids retention time gradient. Environ Sci Technol
52:11601–11611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02763
77. Kawabata K, Sugihara K, Sanoh S, Kitamura S, Ohta S (2013) Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment by sunlight and UV-A, -B and -C irradiation. J Toxicol
Sci 38:215–223. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.38.215
78. Mitchell SM, Ullman JL, Teel AL, Watts RJ (2014) PH and temperature effects on the
hydrolysis of three β-lactam antibiotics: ampicillin, cefalotin and cefoxitin. Sci Total Environ
466–467:547–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.027
79. Calza P, Massolino C, Monaco G, Medana C, Baiocchi C (2008) Study of the photolytic and
photocatalytic transformation of amiloride in water. J Pharm Biomed Anal 48:315–320.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.014
80. Isidori M, Lavorgna M, Nardelli A, Parrella A, Previtera L, Rubino M (2005) Ecotoxicity of
naproxen and its phototransformation products. Sci Total Environ 348:93–101. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.068
81. Marotta R, Spasiano D, Di Somma I, Andreozzi R (2013) Photodegradation of naproxen and
its photoproducts in aqueous solution at 254 nm: a kinetic investigation. Water Res
47:373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.016
82. Méndez-Arriaga F, Esplugas S, Giménez J (2008) Photocatalytic degradation of non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs with TiO2 and simulated solar irradiation. Water Res 42:585–594.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.002
286
S. Gallego and F. Martin-Laurent
Fate and uptake of pharmaceuticals in soil-earthworm systems. Environ Sci Technol
48:5955–5963. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500567w
68. Carvalho PN, Basto MCP, Almeida CMR, Brix H (2014) A review of plant–pharmaceutical
interactions: from uptake and effects in crop plants to phytoremediation in constructed
wetlands. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:11729–11763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-0142550-3
69. Kalaji HM, Rastogi A (2017) Pharmaceutical compounds: an emerging pollutant (a review on
plant-pharmaceuticals interaction). Chiang Mai J Sci 44:287–297
70. Wu X, Dodgen LK, Conkle JL, Gan J (2015) Plant uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care
products from recycled water and biosolids: a review. Sci Total Environ 536:655–666. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.129
71. Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Burkhardt MR, Zaugg SD, Werner SL, Bossio JP,
Benotti MJ (2008) Bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and other anthropogenic waste indicators in earthworms from agricultural soil amended with biosolid or swine manure. Environ
Sci Technol 42:1863–1870. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702304c
72. Macherius A, Lapen DR, Reemtsma T, Römbke J, Topp E, Coors A (2014) Triclocarban,
triclosan and its transformation product methyl triclosan in native earthworm species four
years after a commercial-scale biosolids application. Sci Total Environ 472:235–238. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.113
73. Zhao JL, Furlong ET, Schoenfuss HL, Kolpin DW, Bird KL, Feifarek DJ, Schwab EA, Ying
GG (2017) Uptake and disposition of select pharmaceuticals by bluegill exposed at constant
concentrations in a flow-through aquatic exposure system. Environ Sci Technol
51:4434–4444. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00604
74. Grossberger A, Hadar Y, Borch T, Chefetz B (2014) Biodegradability of pharmaceutical
compounds in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater. Environ Pollut
185:168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.038
75. Achermann S, Bianco V, Mansfeldt CB, Vogler B, Kolvenbach BA, Corvini PFX, Fenner K
(2018) Biotransformation of sulfonamide antibiotics in activated sludge: the formation of
pterin-conjugates leads to sustained risk. Environ Sci Technol 52:6265–6274. https://doi.org/
10.1021/acs.est.7b06716
76. Achermann S, Falås P, Joss A, Mansfeldt CB, Men Y, Vogler B, Fenner K (2018) Trends in
micropollutant biotransformation along a solids retention time gradient. Environ Sci Technol
52:11601–11611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02763
77. Kawabata K, Sugihara K, Sanoh S, Kitamura S, Ohta S (2013) Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment by sunlight and UV-A, -B and -C irradiation. J Toxicol
Sci 38:215–223. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.38.215
78. Mitchell SM, Ullman JL, Teel AL, Watts RJ (2014) PH and temperature effects on the
hydrolysis of three β-lactam antibiotics: ampicillin, cefalotin and cefoxitin. Sci Total Environ
466–467:547–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.027
79. Calza P, Massolino C, Monaco G, Medana C, Baiocchi C (2008) Study of the photolytic and
photocatalytic transformation of amiloride in water. J Pharm Biomed Anal 48:315–320.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.014
80. Isidori M, Lavorgna M, Nardelli A, Parrella A, Previtera L, Rubino M (2005) Ecotoxicity of
naproxen and its phototransformation products. Sci Total Environ 348:93–101. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.068
81. Marotta R, Spasiano D, Di Somma I, Andreozzi R (2013) Photodegradation of naproxen and
its photoproducts in aqueous solution at 254 nm: a kinetic investigation. Water Res
47:373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.016
82. Méndez-Arriaga F, Esplugas S, Giménez J (2008) Photocatalytic degradation of non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs with TiO2 and simulated solar irradiation. Water Res 42:585–594.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.002
286
S. Gallego and F. Martin-Laurent