105. Carter LJ, Garman CD, Ryan J, Dowle A, Bergstrom E, Thomas-Oates J, Boxall ABA (2014)
Fate and uptake of pharmaceuticals in soil-earthworm systems. Environ Sci Technol
48:5955–5963
106. Monteiro S, Boxall A (2009) Factors affecting the degradation of pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:2546–2554
107. Kodešová R, Grabic R, Kočárek M, Klement A, Golovko O, Fér M, Nikodem A, Jakšík O
(2015) Pharmaceuticals’ sorptions relative to properties of thirteen different soils. Sci Total
Environ 511:435–443
108. Carter LJ, Ryan JJ, Boxall ABA (2016) Effects of soil properties on the uptake of pharmaceuticals into earthworms. Environ Pollut 213:922–931
109. Kelsey JW, Colino A, White JC (2005) Effect of species differences, pollutant concentration,
and residence time in soil on the bioaccumulation of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1dichloroethylene by three earthworm species. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:703–708
110. Langdon CJ, Hodson ME, Arnold RE, Black S (2005) Survival Pb-uptake and behaviour of
three species of earthworm in Pb treated soils determined using an OECD-style toxicity test
and a soil avoidance test. Environ Pollut 138:368–375
111. Spurgeon DJ, Hopkin SP (1996) Risk assessment of the threat of secondary poisoning by
metals to predators of earthworms in the vicinity of a primary smelting works. Sci Total
Environ 187(3):167–183
112. Carter LJ, Ryan JJ, Boxall ABA (2016) Does uptake of pharmaceuticals vary across earthworm species. Bull Environ Chem Toxicol 97(3):316–322
113. Whitlock SE, Pereira MG, Lane J, Sleep D, Shore RF, Arnold KE (2019) Detecting fluoxetine
and norfluoxetine in wild bird tissues and feathers. Environ Int 126:193–201
114. Bean TG, Boxall ABA, Lane J, Herborn KA, Pietravalle S, Arnold KE (2014) Behavioural and
physiological responses of birds to environmentally relevant concentrations of an antidepressant. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 369:20130575
115. Markman S, Guschina I, Barnsley S, Buchanan K, Pascoe D et al (2007) Endocrine disrupting
chemicals accumulate in earthworms exposed to sewage effluent. Chemosphere 70:119–125
116. Markman S, Leitner S, Catchpole C, Barnsley S, Muller CT, Pascoe D, Buchanan K (2008)
Pollutants increase song complexity and the volume of the brain area HVC in a songbird. PLoS
One 3(2):e1674
117. Batchelder AR (1982) Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline effects on plant-growth and
development in soil systems. J Environ Qual 11(4):675–678
118. Migliore L, Brambilla G, Casoria P, Civitareale C, Cozzolino S, Gaudio L (1996) Effect of
sulphadimethoxine contamination on barley (Hordeum distichum L, Poaceae, Liliopsida).
Agric Ecosyst Environ 60(2–3):121–128
119. Ferro S, Trentin AR, Caffieri S, Ghisi R (2010) Antibacterial sulfonamides: accumulation and
effects in barley plants. Fresenius Environ Bull 19(9B):2094–2099
120. Migliore L, Cozzolino S, Fiori M (2003) Phytotoxicity to and uptake of enrofloxacin in crop
plants. Chemosphere 52(7):1233–1244
121. Hillis DG, Fletcher J, Solomon KR, Sibley PK (2011) Effects of ten antibiotics on seed
germination and root elongation in three plant species. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 60
(2):220–232
122. Kumar K, Gupta SC, Chander Y, Singh AK (2005) Antibiotic use in agriculture and its impact
on the terrestrial environment. Adv Agron 87:1–54
123. Hammad HM, Zia F, Bakhat HF, Fahad S, Ashraf MR, Wilkerson CJ, Shah GM, Nasim W,
Khosa I, Shahid M (2018) Uptake and toxicological effects of pharmaceutical active compounds on maize. Agric Ecosyst Environ 258:143–148
124. Knight ER, Carter LJ, McLaughlin MJ (2018) Bioaccumulation, uptake, and toxicity of
carbamazepine in soil-plant systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 37:1122–1130
125. Schmidt W, Redshaw CH (2015) Evaluation of biological endpoints in crop plants after
exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): implications for
phytotoxicological assessment of novel contaminants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 112:212–222
218
L. J. Carter et al.
Fate and uptake of pharmaceuticals in soil-earthworm systems. Environ Sci Technol
48:5955–5963
106. Monteiro S, Boxall A (2009) Factors affecting the degradation of pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:2546–2554
107. Kodešová R, Grabic R, Kočárek M, Klement A, Golovko O, Fér M, Nikodem A, Jakšík O
(2015) Pharmaceuticals’ sorptions relative to properties of thirteen different soils. Sci Total
Environ 511:435–443
108. Carter LJ, Ryan JJ, Boxall ABA (2016) Effects of soil properties on the uptake of pharmaceuticals into earthworms. Environ Pollut 213:922–931
109. Kelsey JW, Colino A, White JC (2005) Effect of species differences, pollutant concentration,
and residence time in soil on the bioaccumulation of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1dichloroethylene by three earthworm species. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:703–708
110. Langdon CJ, Hodson ME, Arnold RE, Black S (2005) Survival Pb-uptake and behaviour of
three species of earthworm in Pb treated soils determined using an OECD-style toxicity test
and a soil avoidance test. Environ Pollut 138:368–375
111. Spurgeon DJ, Hopkin SP (1996) Risk assessment of the threat of secondary poisoning by
metals to predators of earthworms in the vicinity of a primary smelting works. Sci Total
Environ 187(3):167–183
112. Carter LJ, Ryan JJ, Boxall ABA (2016) Does uptake of pharmaceuticals vary across earthworm species. Bull Environ Chem Toxicol 97(3):316–322
113. Whitlock SE, Pereira MG, Lane J, Sleep D, Shore RF, Arnold KE (2019) Detecting fluoxetine
and norfluoxetine in wild bird tissues and feathers. Environ Int 126:193–201
114. Bean TG, Boxall ABA, Lane J, Herborn KA, Pietravalle S, Arnold KE (2014) Behavioural and
physiological responses of birds to environmentally relevant concentrations of an antidepressant. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 369:20130575
115. Markman S, Guschina I, Barnsley S, Buchanan K, Pascoe D et al (2007) Endocrine disrupting
chemicals accumulate in earthworms exposed to sewage effluent. Chemosphere 70:119–125
116. Markman S, Leitner S, Catchpole C, Barnsley S, Muller CT, Pascoe D, Buchanan K (2008)
Pollutants increase song complexity and the volume of the brain area HVC in a songbird. PLoS
One 3(2):e1674
117. Batchelder AR (1982) Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline effects on plant-growth and
development in soil systems. J Environ Qual 11(4):675–678
118. Migliore L, Brambilla G, Casoria P, Civitareale C, Cozzolino S, Gaudio L (1996) Effect of
sulphadimethoxine contamination on barley (Hordeum distichum L, Poaceae, Liliopsida).
Agric Ecosyst Environ 60(2–3):121–128
119. Ferro S, Trentin AR, Caffieri S, Ghisi R (2010) Antibacterial sulfonamides: accumulation and
effects in barley plants. Fresenius Environ Bull 19(9B):2094–2099
120. Migliore L, Cozzolino S, Fiori M (2003) Phytotoxicity to and uptake of enrofloxacin in crop
plants. Chemosphere 52(7):1233–1244
121. Hillis DG, Fletcher J, Solomon KR, Sibley PK (2011) Effects of ten antibiotics on seed
germination and root elongation in three plant species. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 60
(2):220–232
122. Kumar K, Gupta SC, Chander Y, Singh AK (2005) Antibiotic use in agriculture and its impact
on the terrestrial environment. Adv Agron 87:1–54
123. Hammad HM, Zia F, Bakhat HF, Fahad S, Ashraf MR, Wilkerson CJ, Shah GM, Nasim W,
Khosa I, Shahid M (2018) Uptake and toxicological effects of pharmaceutical active compounds on maize. Agric Ecosyst Environ 258:143–148
124. Knight ER, Carter LJ, McLaughlin MJ (2018) Bioaccumulation, uptake, and toxicity of
carbamazepine in soil-plant systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 37:1122–1130
125. Schmidt W, Redshaw CH (2015) Evaluation of biological endpoints in crop plants after
exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): implications for
phytotoxicological assessment of novel contaminants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 112:212–222
218
L. J. Carter et al.