126. Liu F, Ying GG, Tao R, Zhao JL, Yang JF, Zhao LF (2009) Effects of six selected antibiotics
on plant growth and soil microbial and enzymatic activities. Environ Pollut 157(5):1636–1642
127. Michelini L, La Rocca N, Rascio N, Ghisi R (2013) Structural and functional alterations
induced by two sulfonamide antibiotics on barley plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 67:55–62
128. Migliore L, Rotini A, Cerioli NL, Cozzolino S, Fiori M (2010) Phytotoxic antibiotic
sulfadimethoxine elicits a complex hormetic response in the weed Lythrum salicaria
L. Dose-Response 8:414–427
129. Michelini L, Reichel R, Werner W, Ghisi R, Thiele-Bruhn S (2012) Sulfadiazine uptake and
effects on Salix fragilis L. and Zea mays L. plants. Water Air Soil Pollut 223:5243–5257
130. Carter LJ, Williams M, Bottcher C, Kookana RS (2015) Uptake of pharmaceuticals influences
plant development and affects nutrient and hormone homeostasis. Environ Sci Technol
49:12509–12518
131. Minden V, Deloy A, Volkert AM, Leonhardt SD, Pufal G (2017) Antibiotics impact plant
traits, even at small concentrations. AoB Plants 9(2):plx010
132. Litskas VD, Karamanlis XN, Prousali SP, Koveos DS (2018) Effects of the antibiotic
amoxicillin on key species of the terrestrial environment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol
100:509–515
133. Litskas VD, Karamanlis XN, Prousali SP, Koveos DS (2019) The xenobiotic doxycycline
affects nitrogen transformations in soil and impacts earthworms and cultivated plants. J
Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 54(14):1441–1447
134. Fernández C, Alonso C, Babı n MM, Pro J, Carbonell G, Tarazona JV (2004) Ecotoxicological
assessment of doxycycline in aged pig manure using multispecies soil systems. Sci Total
Environ 323:63–69
135. Pino MR, Val J, Mainar AM, Zuriaga E, Espanol C, Langa E (2015) Acute toxicological
effects on the earthworm Eisenia fetida of 18 common pharmaceuticals in artificial soil. Sci
Total Environ 518-519:225–237
136. Boleas S, Alonso C, Pro J, Fernandez C, Carbonell G, Tarazona JV (2005) Toxicity of the
antimicrobial oxytetracycline to soil organisms in a multi-species-soil system (MS.3) and
influence of manure co-addition. J Hazard Mater 122(3):233–241
137. Lin D, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Chen C, Li Y (2012) Physiological and molecular responses of the
earthworm (Eisenia fetida) to soil chlortetracycline contamination. Environ Pollut 171:46–51
138. Snyder, E. H. O’Connor, G. A. McAvoy, D. C. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of biosolidsborne triclocarban (TCC) in terrestrial organisms. Chemosphere 2011, 82 (3), 460–467
139. Kinney CA, Campbell BR, Thompson R, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Burkhardt MR, Zaugg SD,
Werner SL, Hay AG (2012) Earthworm bioassays and seedling emergence for monitoring
toxicity, aging and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic waste indicator compounds in biosolidsamended soil. Sci Total Environ 433:507–515
140. Artuso N, Kennedy TF, Connery J, Grant J, Schmidt O (2011) Effects of biosolids at varying
rates on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and springtails (Folsomia candida). Appl Environ Soil
Sci 2011:1–10
141. Scheffczyk A, Floate KD, Blanckenhorn WU, Düring RA, Klockner A, Lahr J, Lumaret JP,
Salamon JA, Tixier T, Wohde M, Römbke J (2016) Nontarget effects of ivermectin residues
on earthworms and springtails dwelling beneath dung of treated cattle in four countries.
Environ Toxicol Chem 35(8):1959–1969
142. Rombke J, Krogh KA, Moser T, Scheffczyk A, Liebig M (2010) Effects of the veterinary
pharmaceutical ivermectin on soil invertebrates in laboratory tests. Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol 58(2):332–340
143. Richter E, Wick A, Ternes TA, Coors A (2013) Ecotoxicity of climbazole, a fungicide
contained in antidandruff shampoo. Environ Toxicol Chem 32(12):2816–2825
144. Carter LJ, Chefetz B, Abdeen Z, Boxall ABA (2019) Emerging investigator series: towards a
framework for establishing the impacts of pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigation systems on
agro-ecosystems and human health. Environ Sci: Processes Impacts 21(4):605–622
Uptake and Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Soil-Plant-Earthworm System
219
on plant growth and soil microbial and enzymatic activities. Environ Pollut 157(5):1636–1642
127. Michelini L, La Rocca N, Rascio N, Ghisi R (2013) Structural and functional alterations
induced by two sulfonamide antibiotics on barley plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 67:55–62
128. Migliore L, Rotini A, Cerioli NL, Cozzolino S, Fiori M (2010) Phytotoxic antibiotic
sulfadimethoxine elicits a complex hormetic response in the weed Lythrum salicaria
L. Dose-Response 8:414–427
129. Michelini L, Reichel R, Werner W, Ghisi R, Thiele-Bruhn S (2012) Sulfadiazine uptake and
effects on Salix fragilis L. and Zea mays L. plants. Water Air Soil Pollut 223:5243–5257
130. Carter LJ, Williams M, Bottcher C, Kookana RS (2015) Uptake of pharmaceuticals influences
plant development and affects nutrient and hormone homeostasis. Environ Sci Technol
49:12509–12518
131. Minden V, Deloy A, Volkert AM, Leonhardt SD, Pufal G (2017) Antibiotics impact plant
traits, even at small concentrations. AoB Plants 9(2):plx010
132. Litskas VD, Karamanlis XN, Prousali SP, Koveos DS (2018) Effects of the antibiotic
amoxicillin on key species of the terrestrial environment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol
100:509–515
133. Litskas VD, Karamanlis XN, Prousali SP, Koveos DS (2019) The xenobiotic doxycycline
affects nitrogen transformations in soil and impacts earthworms and cultivated plants. J
Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 54(14):1441–1447
134. Fernández C, Alonso C, Babı n MM, Pro J, Carbonell G, Tarazona JV (2004) Ecotoxicological
assessment of doxycycline in aged pig manure using multispecies soil systems. Sci Total
Environ 323:63–69
135. Pino MR, Val J, Mainar AM, Zuriaga E, Espanol C, Langa E (2015) Acute toxicological
effects on the earthworm Eisenia fetida of 18 common pharmaceuticals in artificial soil. Sci
Total Environ 518-519:225–237
136. Boleas S, Alonso C, Pro J, Fernandez C, Carbonell G, Tarazona JV (2005) Toxicity of the
antimicrobial oxytetracycline to soil organisms in a multi-species-soil system (MS.3) and
influence of manure co-addition. J Hazard Mater 122(3):233–241
137. Lin D, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Chen C, Li Y (2012) Physiological and molecular responses of the
earthworm (Eisenia fetida) to soil chlortetracycline contamination. Environ Pollut 171:46–51
138. Snyder, E. H. O’Connor, G. A. McAvoy, D. C. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of biosolidsborne triclocarban (TCC) in terrestrial organisms. Chemosphere 2011, 82 (3), 460–467
139. Kinney CA, Campbell BR, Thompson R, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Burkhardt MR, Zaugg SD,
Werner SL, Hay AG (2012) Earthworm bioassays and seedling emergence for monitoring
toxicity, aging and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic waste indicator compounds in biosolidsamended soil. Sci Total Environ 433:507–515
140. Artuso N, Kennedy TF, Connery J, Grant J, Schmidt O (2011) Effects of biosolids at varying
rates on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and springtails (Folsomia candida). Appl Environ Soil
Sci 2011:1–10
141. Scheffczyk A, Floate KD, Blanckenhorn WU, Düring RA, Klockner A, Lahr J, Lumaret JP,
Salamon JA, Tixier T, Wohde M, Römbke J (2016) Nontarget effects of ivermectin residues
on earthworms and springtails dwelling beneath dung of treated cattle in four countries.
Environ Toxicol Chem 35(8):1959–1969
142. Rombke J, Krogh KA, Moser T, Scheffczyk A, Liebig M (2010) Effects of the veterinary
pharmaceutical ivermectin on soil invertebrates in laboratory tests. Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol 58(2):332–340
143. Richter E, Wick A, Ternes TA, Coors A (2013) Ecotoxicity of climbazole, a fungicide
contained in antidandruff shampoo. Environ Toxicol Chem 32(12):2816–2825
144. Carter LJ, Chefetz B, Abdeen Z, Boxall ABA (2019) Emerging investigator series: towards a
framework for establishing the impacts of pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigation systems on
agro-ecosystems and human health. Environ Sci: Processes Impacts 21(4):605–622
Uptake and Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Soil-Plant-Earthworm System
219