30. Singh RP, Agrawal M (2010) Effect of different sewage sludge applications on growth and
yield of Vigna radiata L. field crop: metal uptake by plant. Ecol Eng 36(7):969–972. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.03.008
31. Gatta G, Libutti A, Gagliardi A, Disciglio G, Beneduce L, d’Antuono M, Rendina M, Tarantino
E (2015) Effects of treated agro-industrial wastewater irrigation on tomato processing quality.
Ital J Agron 10:97–100. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2015.632
32. Sawidis T, Chettrib MK, Papaioannouc A, Zachariadisc G, Stratisc J (2001) A study of metal
distribution from lignite fuels using trees as biological monitors. Ecotox Environ Safe 48
(1):27–35. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2000.2001
33. Thakur S, Singh L, Ab Wahid Z, Siddiqui MF, Atnaw SM, Md Din MF (2016) Plant-driven
removal of heavy metals from soil: uptake, translocation, tolerance mechanism, challenges, and
future perspectives. Environ Monit Assess 188:206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-52119
34. Mapanda F, Mangwayana EN, Nyamangara J, Gillera KE (2005) The effect of long-term
irrigation using wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables in Harare,
Zimbabwe. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107:151–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.11.005
35. Zhuang P, McBride MB, Xia H, Li N, Li Z (2009) Health risk from heavy metals via
consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Sci Total Environ
407:1551–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.061
36. Remon E, Bouchardon JL, Cornier B, Guy B, Leclerc JC, Faure O (2005) Soil characteristics,
heavy metal availability and vegetation recovery at a former metallurgical landfill: implications
in risk assessment and site restoration. Environ Pollut 137:316–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2005.01.012
37. Ismael A, Riaz M, Akhtar S, Ismail T, Amir M, Zafar-ul-Hye M (2014) Heavy metals in
vegetables and respective soils irrigated by canal, municipal waste and tube well waters. Food
Addit Contam 7:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2014.888783
38. Toze S (2006) Reuse of effluent water: benefits and risks. Agric Water Manag 80:147–159.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.010
39. Khaskhoussy K, Kahlaoui B, Nefzi BM, Jozdan O, Dakheel A, Hachicha M (2015) Effect of
treated wastewater irrigation on heavy metals distribution in a Tunisian soil. Eng Technol Appl
Sci Res 5(3):805–810
40. Abedi-Koupai J, Mostafazadeh-Fard B, Afyuni M, Bagheri MR (2006) Effect of treated
wastewater on soil chemical and physical properties in an arid region. Plant Soil Environ 52
(8):335–344
41. Abd-Elwahed MS (2018) Influence of long-term wastewater irrigation on soil quality and its
spatial distribution. Ann Agri Sci 63:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2018.11.004
42. Dotaniya ML, Rajendiran S, Meena VD, Coumar MV, Saha JK, Kundu S, Patra AK (2018)
Impact of long-term application of sewage on soil and crop quality in vertisols of Central India.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 101:779–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2458-6
43. Masona C, Mapfaire L, Mapurazi S, Makanda R (2011) Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in wastewater irrigated soil and uptake by maize plants (Zea Mays L) at Firle Farm in
Harare. J Sustain Dev 4(6). https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n6p132
44. Gola D, Malik A, Ahammad Shaikh Z, Sreekrishnan TR (2016) Impact of heavy metal
containing wastewater on agricultural soil and produce: relevance of biological treatment.
Environ Process 3:1063–1080
45. Wuana RA, Okieimen FE (2011) Heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review of sources,
chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. Isrn Ecol 2011:20. https://doi.org/
10.5402/2011/402647
46. Chibuike GU, Obiora SC (2014) Heavy metal polluted soils: effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Appl Environ Soil Sci:12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708
47. WHO (2001) Indicators of microbial water quality. In: Fewtrell L, Bartram J (eds) Water
quality: guidelines, standards and health: assessment of risk and risk management for waterrelated infectious diseases. IWA Publishing, London
Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: Effects on Soil-Plant System Properties
99
yield of Vigna radiata L. field crop: metal uptake by plant. Ecol Eng 36(7):969–972. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.03.008
31. Gatta G, Libutti A, Gagliardi A, Disciglio G, Beneduce L, d’Antuono M, Rendina M, Tarantino
E (2015) Effects of treated agro-industrial wastewater irrigation on tomato processing quality.
Ital J Agron 10:97–100. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2015.632
32. Sawidis T, Chettrib MK, Papaioannouc A, Zachariadisc G, Stratisc J (2001) A study of metal
distribution from lignite fuels using trees as biological monitors. Ecotox Environ Safe 48
(1):27–35. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2000.2001
33. Thakur S, Singh L, Ab Wahid Z, Siddiqui MF, Atnaw SM, Md Din MF (2016) Plant-driven
removal of heavy metals from soil: uptake, translocation, tolerance mechanism, challenges, and
future perspectives. Environ Monit Assess 188:206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-52119
34. Mapanda F, Mangwayana EN, Nyamangara J, Gillera KE (2005) The effect of long-term
irrigation using wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables in Harare,
Zimbabwe. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107:151–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.11.005
35. Zhuang P, McBride MB, Xia H, Li N, Li Z (2009) Health risk from heavy metals via
consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Sci Total Environ
407:1551–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.061
36. Remon E, Bouchardon JL, Cornier B, Guy B, Leclerc JC, Faure O (2005) Soil characteristics,
heavy metal availability and vegetation recovery at a former metallurgical landfill: implications
in risk assessment and site restoration. Environ Pollut 137:316–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2005.01.012
37. Ismael A, Riaz M, Akhtar S, Ismail T, Amir M, Zafar-ul-Hye M (2014) Heavy metals in
vegetables and respective soils irrigated by canal, municipal waste and tube well waters. Food
Addit Contam 7:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2014.888783
38. Toze S (2006) Reuse of effluent water: benefits and risks. Agric Water Manag 80:147–159.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.010
39. Khaskhoussy K, Kahlaoui B, Nefzi BM, Jozdan O, Dakheel A, Hachicha M (2015) Effect of
treated wastewater irrigation on heavy metals distribution in a Tunisian soil. Eng Technol Appl
Sci Res 5(3):805–810
40. Abedi-Koupai J, Mostafazadeh-Fard B, Afyuni M, Bagheri MR (2006) Effect of treated
wastewater on soil chemical and physical properties in an arid region. Plant Soil Environ 52
(8):335–344
41. Abd-Elwahed MS (2018) Influence of long-term wastewater irrigation on soil quality and its
spatial distribution. Ann Agri Sci 63:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2018.11.004
42. Dotaniya ML, Rajendiran S, Meena VD, Coumar MV, Saha JK, Kundu S, Patra AK (2018)
Impact of long-term application of sewage on soil and crop quality in vertisols of Central India.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 101:779–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2458-6
43. Masona C, Mapfaire L, Mapurazi S, Makanda R (2011) Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in wastewater irrigated soil and uptake by maize plants (Zea Mays L) at Firle Farm in
Harare. J Sustain Dev 4(6). https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n6p132
44. Gola D, Malik A, Ahammad Shaikh Z, Sreekrishnan TR (2016) Impact of heavy metal
containing wastewater on agricultural soil and produce: relevance of biological treatment.
Environ Process 3:1063–1080
45. Wuana RA, Okieimen FE (2011) Heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review of sources,
chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. Isrn Ecol 2011:20. https://doi.org/
10.5402/2011/402647
46. Chibuike GU, Obiora SC (2014) Heavy metal polluted soils: effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Appl Environ Soil Sci:12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708
47. WHO (2001) Indicators of microbial water quality. In: Fewtrell L, Bartram J (eds) Water
quality: guidelines, standards and health: assessment of risk and risk management for waterrelated infectious diseases. IWA Publishing, London
Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: Effects on Soil-Plant System Properties
99