13. Balkhair KS, Ashraf MA (2016) Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in a soil and
vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol
Sci 23(1S):S32–S44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.023
14. Petterson SR, Ashbolt NJ, Sharma A (2001) Microbial risks from wastewater irrigation of salad
crops: a screening-level risk assessment. Water Environ Res 73(6):667–672. https://doi.org/10.
2175/106143001x143402
15. Forslund A, Ensink JHJ, Markussen B, Battilani A, Psarras G, Gola S, Sandei L, Fletcher T,
Dalsgaard A (2012) Escherichia coli contamination and health aspects of soil and tomatoes
(Solanum lycopersicum L.) subsurface drip irrigated with on-site treated domestic wastewater.
Water Res 46:5917–5934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.011
16. Metcalf and Eddy (1991) Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse, 3rd edn., p
1334
17. Vergine P, Lonigro A, Salerno C, Rubino P, Berardi G, Pollice A (2016) Nutrient recovery and
crop yield enhancement in irrigation with reclaimed wastewater: a case study. Urban Water J 14
(3):325–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2016.1141224
18. Lonigro A, Rubino P, Lacasella V, Montemurro N (2016) Faecal pollution on vegetables and
soil drip irrigated with treated municipal wastewaters. Agric Water Manag 174:66–73. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.02.001
19. Gatta G, Libutti A, Beneduce L, Gagliardi A, Disciglio G, Lonigro A, Tarantino E (2016) Reuse
of treated municipal wastewater for globe artichoke irrigation: assessment of effects on morphoquantitative parameters and microbial safety of yield. Sci Hortic 213:55–65. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.scienta.2016.10.011
20. Vergine P, Salerno C, Libutti A, Beneduce L, Gatta G, Berardi G, Pollice A (2017) Closing the
water cycle in the agro-industrial sector by reusing treated wastewater for irrigation. J Clean
Prod 164:587–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.239
21. Urbano VR, Mendonca TG, Bastos RG, Souza CF (2017) Effects of treated wastewater
irrigation on soil properties and lettuce yield. Agric Water Manag 181:108–115. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.12.001
22. Vivaldi GA, Camposeno S, Lopriore G, Romeros-Trigueros C, Salcedo FP (2019) Using saline
reclaimed water on almond grown in Mediterranean conditions: deficit irrigation strategies and
salinity effects. Water Supply 19(5):1413–1421. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.008
23. Pedrero F, Maestre-Valero JF, Mounzer O, Alarcón JJ, Nicolás E (2014) Physiological and
agronomic mandarin trees performance under saline reclaimed water combined with regulated
deficit irrigation. Agric Water Manag 146:228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.08.
013
24. Vivaldi GA, Stellacci AM, Vitti C, Rubino P, Pedrero F, Camposeno S (2017) Nutrient uptake
and fruit quality in a nectarine orchard irrigated with treated municipal wastewaters. Desalin
Water Treat 71:312–320. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20564
25. Montemurro N, Cucci G, Mastro MA, Lacolla G, Lonigro A (2017) The nitrogen role in
vegetables irrigated with treated municipal wastewater. Agron Res 15(5):2012–2025. https://
doi.org/10.15159/AR.17.044
26. Grattan SR, Díaz FJ, Pedrero F, Vivaldi GA (2015) Assessing the suitability of saline wastewaters for irrigation of Citrus spp.: emphasis on boron and specific-ion interactions. Agric
Water Manag 157:48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.01.002
27. Segal E, Dag A, Ben-Gal A, Zipori I, Erel R, Suryano S, Yermiyahu U (2011) Olive orchard
irrigation with reclaimed wastewater: agronomic and environmental considerations. Agric
Ecosyst Environ 140:454–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.01.009
28. Almuktar SAAN, Scholz M (2016) Mineral and biological contamination of soil and Capsicum
annuum irrigated with recycled domestic wastewater. Agric Water Manag 167:95–109. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.01.008
29. Gatta G, Gagliardi A, Disciglio G, Lonigro A, Francavilla M, Tarantino E, Giuliani MM (2018)
Irrigation with treated municipal wastewater on artichoke crop: assessment of soil and yield
heavy metal content and human risk. Water 10:255. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030255
98
G. Gatta et al.
vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol
Sci 23(1S):S32–S44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.023
14. Petterson SR, Ashbolt NJ, Sharma A (2001) Microbial risks from wastewater irrigation of salad
crops: a screening-level risk assessment. Water Environ Res 73(6):667–672. https://doi.org/10.
2175/106143001x143402
15. Forslund A, Ensink JHJ, Markussen B, Battilani A, Psarras G, Gola S, Sandei L, Fletcher T,
Dalsgaard A (2012) Escherichia coli contamination and health aspects of soil and tomatoes
(Solanum lycopersicum L.) subsurface drip irrigated with on-site treated domestic wastewater.
Water Res 46:5917–5934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.011
16. Metcalf and Eddy (1991) Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal and reuse, 3rd edn., p
1334
17. Vergine P, Lonigro A, Salerno C, Rubino P, Berardi G, Pollice A (2016) Nutrient recovery and
crop yield enhancement in irrigation with reclaimed wastewater: a case study. Urban Water J 14
(3):325–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2016.1141224
18. Lonigro A, Rubino P, Lacasella V, Montemurro N (2016) Faecal pollution on vegetables and
soil drip irrigated with treated municipal wastewaters. Agric Water Manag 174:66–73. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.02.001
19. Gatta G, Libutti A, Beneduce L, Gagliardi A, Disciglio G, Lonigro A, Tarantino E (2016) Reuse
of treated municipal wastewater for globe artichoke irrigation: assessment of effects on morphoquantitative parameters and microbial safety of yield. Sci Hortic 213:55–65. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.scienta.2016.10.011
20. Vergine P, Salerno C, Libutti A, Beneduce L, Gatta G, Berardi G, Pollice A (2017) Closing the
water cycle in the agro-industrial sector by reusing treated wastewater for irrigation. J Clean
Prod 164:587–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.239
21. Urbano VR, Mendonca TG, Bastos RG, Souza CF (2017) Effects of treated wastewater
irrigation on soil properties and lettuce yield. Agric Water Manag 181:108–115. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.12.001
22. Vivaldi GA, Camposeno S, Lopriore G, Romeros-Trigueros C, Salcedo FP (2019) Using saline
reclaimed water on almond grown in Mediterranean conditions: deficit irrigation strategies and
salinity effects. Water Supply 19(5):1413–1421. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.008
23. Pedrero F, Maestre-Valero JF, Mounzer O, Alarcón JJ, Nicolás E (2014) Physiological and
agronomic mandarin trees performance under saline reclaimed water combined with regulated
deficit irrigation. Agric Water Manag 146:228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.08.
013
24. Vivaldi GA, Stellacci AM, Vitti C, Rubino P, Pedrero F, Camposeno S (2017) Nutrient uptake
and fruit quality in a nectarine orchard irrigated with treated municipal wastewaters. Desalin
Water Treat 71:312–320. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20564
25. Montemurro N, Cucci G, Mastro MA, Lacolla G, Lonigro A (2017) The nitrogen role in
vegetables irrigated with treated municipal wastewater. Agron Res 15(5):2012–2025. https://
doi.org/10.15159/AR.17.044
26. Grattan SR, Díaz FJ, Pedrero F, Vivaldi GA (2015) Assessing the suitability of saline wastewaters for irrigation of Citrus spp.: emphasis on boron and specific-ion interactions. Agric
Water Manag 157:48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.01.002
27. Segal E, Dag A, Ben-Gal A, Zipori I, Erel R, Suryano S, Yermiyahu U (2011) Olive orchard
irrigation with reclaimed wastewater: agronomic and environmental considerations. Agric
Ecosyst Environ 140:454–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.01.009
28. Almuktar SAAN, Scholz M (2016) Mineral and biological contamination of soil and Capsicum
annuum irrigated with recycled domestic wastewater. Agric Water Manag 167:95–109. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.01.008
29. Gatta G, Gagliardi A, Disciglio G, Lonigro A, Francavilla M, Tarantino E, Giuliani MM (2018)
Irrigation with treated municipal wastewater on artichoke crop: assessment of soil and yield
heavy metal content and human risk. Water 10:255. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030255
98
G. Gatta et al.