753
Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), 512
Thermal coke, 98
Thermal cracking, 67, 514
Thermal stability, 364, 650, 661
Thermal steam cracking (TSC) process,
153, 154
Thermodynamic analysis, DRM reaction
Gibbs free energy, 321
H 2 /CO ratio, 321
reactor system, 324
temperature
methane conversion, 322
product yield, 322–324
Thermodynamics, 563–565, 582, 583
Thermofor catalytic cracking (TCC), 68
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 404
Thermos-mechanical properties, 702
Thiophenes, 3, 16, 28
3D printed microreactor
AutoCAD design, 438
direct metal laser sintering process, 438
FT synthesis
cobalt-based bimetallic silica
mesoporous catalyst, 447, 448,
450, 452
mesoporous support, 447
oxide support catalysts, 452
sol-gel-coated catalysts, 447
microchannel reactor, 438, 442
3D X-ray ptychography, 702
3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 291
TiCl 4 /MgCl 2 -based system, 684
Time on stream (TOS), 450
Titanium, 677
Titanium chloride, 678
Toluene alkylation with methanol to styrene
Exelus process, 138, 139
petrochemical industry, 130
polystyrene, 130
products, 130
SBR, 130
side-chain methylation, 136–138, 141
styrene production (see Styrene
production)
Toluene side-chain alkylation, 141
Total acid number (TAN), 715
Toxicity, 651, 661
Trace additives, 337
Traditional solid sorbent materials, 608
Transition metal carbides (TMCs), 276, 574
Transition metal-catalysed C–H
functionalizations, 269
Transition metals, 688
Trapping technologies, 607
Trialkyl aluminum-based catalyst, 681
Trickle bed reactors, 578
Tri(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium- and
trialkylaluminum-based catalyst
system, 681
Tridentate ligands, 693–694
TriFTS
TM technology, 538
Trimetallic NiMoW catalysts, 40
Trimethyl aluminum, 688
Trimethylbenzenes (TMB), 513
Trimethyl oxonium ion (TMO), 507
Trimethyl pentanes (TMPs), 113, 116
Tri-reforming of methane
flue gas, CH 4 , 320
process modelling (see Process modelling,
tri-reforming)
reactions, 321
WGS, 320
Tri-reforming reaction, 546
Tsipouriari mechanism, 343, 344
Turnover frequency (TOF), 264
Turnover number (TON), 264
Two-stage cyclones, 77
Two-staged hydrocracker, 386
U
Ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation, 333
Universal Oil Products Co. (UOP), 67
α,β-Unsaturated ketoximes, 270–271
Unsupported transition metal-based
catalysts, 25–28
Updraft gasifiers, 406
Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate, 288
USY zeolite, 18, 19, 25, 83
UV–Vis spectroscopy, 335, 336
V
V(acetylacetonato) 3 -Et 2 AlCl catalyst
system, 695
Vacuum gas oil, 104
Vacuum-reduced crude (VRC), 385
Vacuum tower distillation, 381
γ-Valerolactone (GVL), 282, 283
Value-added products, 558, 580
Vanadium, 54, 677
Vanadium based complexes
amidinate-based V(V)Cl 2 complexes, 699
(arylimido)-V(IV)Cl 2 complexes, 698
bis(phenoxy)pyridine ligand-based V(III)
complex, 698
chelated V(III) complexes, 696, 697
dinuclear catalyst systems, 696
Index
Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), 512
Thermal coke, 98
Thermal cracking, 67, 514
Thermal stability, 364, 650, 661
Thermal steam cracking (TSC) process,
153, 154
Thermodynamic analysis, DRM reaction
Gibbs free energy, 321
H 2 /CO ratio, 321
reactor system, 324
temperature
methane conversion, 322
product yield, 322–324
Thermodynamics, 563–565, 582, 583
Thermofor catalytic cracking (TCC), 68
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 404
Thermos-mechanical properties, 702
Thiophenes, 3, 16, 28
3D printed microreactor
AutoCAD design, 438
direct metal laser sintering process, 438
FT synthesis
cobalt-based bimetallic silica
mesoporous catalyst, 447, 448,
450, 452
mesoporous support, 447
oxide support catalysts, 452
sol-gel-coated catalysts, 447
microchannel reactor, 438, 442
3D X-ray ptychography, 702
3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 291
TiCl 4 /MgCl 2 -based system, 684
Time on stream (TOS), 450
Titanium, 677
Titanium chloride, 678
Toluene alkylation with methanol to styrene
Exelus process, 138, 139
petrochemical industry, 130
polystyrene, 130
products, 130
SBR, 130
side-chain methylation, 136–138, 141
styrene production (see Styrene
production)
Toluene side-chain alkylation, 141
Total acid number (TAN), 715
Toxicity, 651, 661
Trace additives, 337
Traditional solid sorbent materials, 608
Transition metal carbides (TMCs), 276, 574
Transition metal-catalysed C–H
functionalizations, 269
Transition metals, 688
Trapping technologies, 607
Trialkyl aluminum-based catalyst, 681
Trickle bed reactors, 578
Tri(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium- and
trialkylaluminum-based catalyst
system, 681
Tridentate ligands, 693–694
TriFTS
TM technology, 538
Trimetallic NiMoW catalysts, 40
Trimethyl aluminum, 688
Trimethylbenzenes (TMB), 513
Trimethyl oxonium ion (TMO), 507
Trimethyl pentanes (TMPs), 113, 116
Tri-reforming of methane
flue gas, CH 4 , 320
process modelling (see Process modelling,
tri-reforming)
reactions, 321
WGS, 320
Tri-reforming reaction, 546
Tsipouriari mechanism, 343, 344
Turnover frequency (TOF), 264
Turnover number (TON), 264
Two-stage cyclones, 77
Two-staged hydrocracker, 386
U
Ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation, 333
Universal Oil Products Co. (UOP), 67
α,β-Unsaturated ketoximes, 270–271
Unsupported transition metal-based
catalysts, 25–28
Updraft gasifiers, 406
Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate, 288
USY zeolite, 18, 19, 25, 83
UV–Vis spectroscopy, 335, 336
V
V(acetylacetonato) 3 -Et 2 AlCl catalyst
system, 695
Vacuum gas oil, 104
Vacuum-reduced crude (VRC), 385
Vacuum tower distillation, 381
γ-Valerolactone (GVL), 282, 283
Value-added products, 558, 580
Vanadium, 54, 677
Vanadium based complexes
amidinate-based V(V)Cl 2 complexes, 699
(arylimido)-V(IV)Cl 2 complexes, 698
bis(phenoxy)pyridine ligand-based V(III)
complex, 698
chelated V(III) complexes, 696, 697
dinuclear catalyst systems, 696
Index