754
Vanadium based complexes (cont.)
dinuclear V(III)-based complex,
696, 697
EPDM, 695
Et 2 AlCl and EtAlCl 2 , 698
ethylene and propylene, 695
ethylene-COC, 695
ethylene-propylene copolymer
synthesis, 695
molecular weight, 695
O,N-chelating aminophenolate
ligands, 698
olefin polymerization, 696
trivalent and tetravalent complexes, 695
V(acetylacetonato) 3 -Et 2 AlCl catalyst
system, 695
V(IV) and V(V) states, 698
vanadium(V), 699
Vanadium contaminants, 89
Vapor phase sulfiding, 46
V(β-diketonate) 3 -Et 2 AlCl/Et 3 Al 2 Cl 3 catalyst
system, 695
VC1 4 -Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl catalyst system, 683
Vegetable oils/biomass
biodiesel, 516
heterogeneous catalyst, 516
non-renewable energy sources, 516
SAPO-5, 519
SAPO-11, 517–519
SAPO-34, 516, 517
zeolite and zeo-type catalysts, 516
Viscosity, 660
Volatility, 660
W
Water, 277, 278, 548
Water/brine water, 708
Water gas shift (WGS) reaction, 320, 419,
420, 431, 461, 475, 566, 570
Water-in-crude oil emulsion
electrocoalescence, 722–725
microscopy image, 712
size of water droplets, 708
skin formation, 715–716
stability, 712–715
techniques, 708
Wet gas, 381
Wetness co-impregnation method, 44
Wet synthesis methods, 540, 541
Wettability, 713
Wood spirit, 559
Wood vinegar, 559
X
XPS analysis, 333, 334
X-ray diffraction (XRD), 404
X-ray fluorescence tomography, 702
XTL process, 460
Y
Y-zeolites, 103, 117
Z
Zeolite acidity, 236, 237
Zeolite-based catalysts, 116–118, 590
Zeolite-based commercial C 4 alkylation
processes
AlkyClean™, 119
commercial alkylation technologies, 122
cyclic regeneration, 118
hydrogen, 119
KBR K-SAAT
TM
, 121
K-SAAT vs. mineral acid-based
processes, 121
LURGI EUROFUEL®, 120
solvent extraction, 119
Zeolite crystallites, 356
Zeolite crystallization, 360, 361
Zeolite membranes, 607
Zeolite nucleation, 392
Zeolites, 69, 82, 116, 356–358, 365–367, 384,
504, 578
advancements, 389
chemical ingredients, 393
environmental policy and regulations, 389
FCC catalyst, 390
fuel hydroprocessing, 391
heterogeneous catalysts, 393, 394
hydrocracking processes, 391
lubes hydroprocessing, 391, 392 (see also
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs))
petrochemical industry, 389
petroleum refining, 390
preparation, 392, 393
refining industry, 389
structures, 393
Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5), 71, 90, 91,
93, 103, 104
Zeolite synthesis, 359
Zeolitic catalysts, 392
Zeolitic hydrocracking catalysts, 391
Ziegler-Natta catalysts
advancement, 700
bimetallic complex, 678, 679
Index
Vanadium based complexes (cont.)
dinuclear V(III)-based complex,
696, 697
EPDM, 695
Et 2 AlCl and EtAlCl 2 , 698
ethylene and propylene, 695
ethylene-COC, 695
ethylene-propylene copolymer
synthesis, 695
molecular weight, 695
O,N-chelating aminophenolate
ligands, 698
olefin polymerization, 696
trivalent and tetravalent complexes, 695
V(acetylacetonato) 3 -Et 2 AlCl catalyst
system, 695
V(IV) and V(V) states, 698
vanadium(V), 699
Vanadium contaminants, 89
Vapor phase sulfiding, 46
V(β-diketonate) 3 -Et 2 AlCl/Et 3 Al 2 Cl 3 catalyst
system, 695
VC1 4 -Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl catalyst system, 683
Vegetable oils/biomass
biodiesel, 516
heterogeneous catalyst, 516
non-renewable energy sources, 516
SAPO-5, 519
SAPO-11, 517–519
SAPO-34, 516, 517
zeolite and zeo-type catalysts, 516
Viscosity, 660
Volatility, 660
W
Water, 277, 278, 548
Water/brine water, 708
Water gas shift (WGS) reaction, 320, 419,
420, 431, 461, 475, 566, 570
Water-in-crude oil emulsion
electrocoalescence, 722–725
microscopy image, 712
size of water droplets, 708
skin formation, 715–716
stability, 712–715
techniques, 708
Wet gas, 381
Wetness co-impregnation method, 44
Wet synthesis methods, 540, 541
Wettability, 713
Wood spirit, 559
Wood vinegar, 559
X
XPS analysis, 333, 334
X-ray diffraction (XRD), 404
X-ray fluorescence tomography, 702
XTL process, 460
Y
Y-zeolites, 103, 117
Z
Zeolite acidity, 236, 237
Zeolite-based catalysts, 116–118, 590
Zeolite-based commercial C 4 alkylation
processes
AlkyClean™, 119
commercial alkylation technologies, 122
cyclic regeneration, 118
hydrogen, 119
KBR K-SAAT
TM
, 121
K-SAAT vs. mineral acid-based
processes, 121
LURGI EUROFUEL®, 120
solvent extraction, 119
Zeolite crystallites, 356
Zeolite crystallization, 360, 361
Zeolite membranes, 607
Zeolite nucleation, 392
Zeolites, 69, 82, 116, 356–358, 365–367, 384,
504, 578
advancements, 389
chemical ingredients, 393
environmental policy and regulations, 389
FCC catalyst, 390
fuel hydroprocessing, 391
heterogeneous catalysts, 393, 394
hydrocracking processes, 391
lubes hydroprocessing, 391, 392 (see also
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs))
petrochemical industry, 389
petroleum refining, 390
preparation, 392, 393
refining industry, 389
structures, 393
Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5), 71, 90, 91,
93, 103, 104
Zeolite synthesis, 359
Zeolitic catalysts, 392
Zeolitic hydrocracking catalysts, 391
Ziegler-Natta catalysts
advancement, 700
bimetallic complex, 678, 679
Index