744
Metallocene catalyst (cont.)
stereo-controlled poly-α-olefin, 686
stereorigid, 685
zirconium-based, 688
Metallocyclobutane, 679
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), 534, 574,
606, 607, 615
advantages, 395
applications, 396, 397
disadvantages, 397, 398
metal-organic hybrid materials, 394
nomenclature, 394, 395
structure, 394, 396
synthetic materials, 394
zeolites, 394
Metal passivators, 89, 90
Metal poisoning, 50
Metals, 49, 50
Methane, 537, 548, 549
direct conversion, 231
natural gas, 230
OCM, 231
routes, methane conversion, 230, 231
synthesis, Zr complex, 632
utilization via syn-gas route, 230
Methane conversion, 348
Methane cracking, 342
Methane dehydroaromatization (MDA)
catalysts
carburization, 238–239
HMCM-22, 235
Mo dispersion, 236
molybdenum-supported ZSM-5, 235
Mo/Zeolite catalyst, 236
promoter effect, 238
TNU-9, 236
zeolite acidity, 236, 237
zeolite supports, 235
ZSM-5, 235
direct methane to aromatic conversion, 231
fast catalyst deactivation, 232
mechanistic study, 239–242
reaction parameters
pressure effect, 245
space velocity, 245
temperature effect, 244
reactor configuration
circulating fluidized-bed reactor setup,
246, 247
factors, 245
fixed-bed reactor, 245
membrane reactor, 246–248
reactor design, 245
thermodynamics, 232, 233
co-feeding agents, 233
equilibrium composition, 233
hydrogen removal, effect, 234, 235
methane conversion into benzene, 232
Methane hydrates, 230
Methane hydrocarbon, 232
Methanol, 356, 620
Methanol/DME synthesis
active sites, 570, 571
carbon source, 566, 567
carbon source feedstocks, 559
catalyst formulations, 565
chemical industries, 560
CO 2 hydrogenation, 573–575
copper-based catalysts, 565, 590
Cu-Zn-Zr/zeolites, 590
deactivation, 572
direct method, 589
disadvantage, 590
energy sources, 589
evolution, 561
fixed bed reactors, 575–577
fuel, 589
historical reconstruction, 562–563
indirect method, 589
liquid phase reactors, 577, 578
membrane reactors, 578–580
Ni-based catalyst, 560
photocatalytic conversion process
(see Photocatalytic conversion
process)
primary reactions, 560, 561, 563
production, 589
promoters, 566
reaction mechanism pathways
CO hydrogenation, 567, 568
CO vs. CO 2 , 569
CO 2 hydrogenation, 568, 569
WGS reaction, 570
remedies, 572, 573
solid acid, 565
synthetic fuels, 589
thermodynamics, 563–565
wood spirit, 559
wood vinegar, 559
zeolite-based catalysts, 590
ZnO, 560, 571, 572
Methanol-based fuel cells, 561
Methanol steam reforming, 423
Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG), 354, 357
Methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH), 354, 355,
360, 365
Index
Metallocene catalyst (cont.)
stereo-controlled poly-α-olefin, 686
stereorigid, 685
zirconium-based, 688
Metallocyclobutane, 679
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), 534, 574,
606, 607, 615
advantages, 395
applications, 396, 397
disadvantages, 397, 398
metal-organic hybrid materials, 394
nomenclature, 394, 395
structure, 394, 396
synthetic materials, 394
zeolites, 394
Metal passivators, 89, 90
Metal poisoning, 50
Metals, 49, 50
Methane, 537, 548, 549
direct conversion, 231
natural gas, 230
OCM, 231
routes, methane conversion, 230, 231
synthesis, Zr complex, 632
utilization via syn-gas route, 230
Methane conversion, 348
Methane cracking, 342
Methane dehydroaromatization (MDA)
catalysts
carburization, 238–239
HMCM-22, 235
Mo dispersion, 236
molybdenum-supported ZSM-5, 235
Mo/Zeolite catalyst, 236
promoter effect, 238
TNU-9, 236
zeolite acidity, 236, 237
zeolite supports, 235
ZSM-5, 235
direct methane to aromatic conversion, 231
fast catalyst deactivation, 232
mechanistic study, 239–242
reaction parameters
pressure effect, 245
space velocity, 245
temperature effect, 244
reactor configuration
circulating fluidized-bed reactor setup,
246, 247
factors, 245
fixed-bed reactor, 245
membrane reactor, 246–248
reactor design, 245
thermodynamics, 232, 233
co-feeding agents, 233
equilibrium composition, 233
hydrogen removal, effect, 234, 235
methane conversion into benzene, 232
Methane hydrates, 230
Methane hydrocarbon, 232
Methanol, 356, 620
Methanol/DME synthesis
active sites, 570, 571
carbon source, 566, 567
carbon source feedstocks, 559
catalyst formulations, 565
chemical industries, 560
CO 2 hydrogenation, 573–575
copper-based catalysts, 565, 590
Cu-Zn-Zr/zeolites, 590
deactivation, 572
direct method, 589
disadvantage, 590
energy sources, 589
evolution, 561
fixed bed reactors, 575–577
fuel, 589
historical reconstruction, 562–563
indirect method, 589
liquid phase reactors, 577, 578
membrane reactors, 578–580
Ni-based catalyst, 560
photocatalytic conversion process
(see Photocatalytic conversion
process)
primary reactions, 560, 561, 563
production, 589
promoters, 566
reaction mechanism pathways
CO hydrogenation, 567, 568
CO vs. CO 2 , 569
CO 2 hydrogenation, 568, 569
WGS reaction, 570
remedies, 572, 573
solid acid, 565
synthetic fuels, 589
thermodynamics, 563–565
wood spirit, 559
wood vinegar, 559
zeolite-based catalysts, 590
ZnO, 560, 571, 572
Methanol-based fuel cells, 561
Methanol steam reforming, 423
Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG), 354, 357
Methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH), 354, 355,
360, 365
Index