742
Hydrotreating (HDT) (cont.)
feedstocks
activity, 54
gasoline and gas oils, 55–58
heavy feedstock, 58, 59
catalyst selection, 55
properties, 54
selectivity, 55
stability, 55
γ-alumina, 7
hydroprocessing, 3
intrinsic activity, 12
low-activity catalysts, 11
macrolevel properties, 9
microlevel properties, 8
Ni-Mo catalysts, 7
petroleum fractions, 10
physicochemical properties, 7
porosity, 9
supports/carriers, 17
textural properties, 8
unsupported catalysts, 25, 27
Hydrotreating/hydrodesulfurization catalysts,
see HDT/HDS catalysts
Hydroxy-carbene mechanism, 432
α-Hydroxycarboxylic acids, 42
I
IL-amine blends, 655–657, 666
ILs-water blends, 655
Imidazolium-based ILs, 652
In 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 /Al-fiber catalyst, 574
Incipient wetness impregnation, 43, 325
Indirect cooled reactors, 577
Indirect syn-gas processing, 230
Indoles, 262
Induction, 238, 239, 245
Industrial CO 2 characteristics, 532
Industrial-grade IPA, 189
Industrial point sources, 533
Industrial process emissions, 533
In situ regeneration, 52
In situ resource utilization (ISRU), 548
In situ sulfiding, 46
Integrated gasification combined cycle
(IGCC), 405, 645
Interfacial tension (IFT), 711
Internal oxidizing directing groups
catalytic cycle, 269
C–H activation, 270
C–H bond functionalizations, 268, 269
conventional cross-coupling/cyclization
reactions, 269
methods, 270
N–C bond, 274, 275
nitrones, 276
N–N bond, 271, 273
N−O bond, 270, 271
N−S bond, 273, 274
O−O bond, 271
S–Cl bond, 274, 275
Si–H Bond, 274, 275
transition metal-catalysed C–H
functionalizations, 269
transition-metal catalyst, 269
International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC), 392
Ionic liquids (ILs)
amine blends, 655–657
amine-functionalized, 654
C 4 alkylation, 139
cations and anion, 650
cations and anions, 649
characteristics
biodegradability, 651
melting point, 650
thermal stability, 650
toxicity, 651
viscosity, 650
volatility, 650
CO 2 capture
PILs, 654
properties, 651
RTILs, 651, 652
SILMs, 653, 654
TSILs, 653
green solvents, 649
laboratory scale, 649
properties, 650
vs. salts, 649, 650
water blends, 655
Iridium catalysts, 625
Iron, 461
Iron-based catalysts, 452, 453, 460, 494
Irreversible deactivation, 89
Isobutane, 168
Isocoumarin, 266
Isomerization, 97, 379, 388
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
acetone to IPA process, 194
applications, 189, 191, 192
cosmetics and pesticide formulations, 189
direct hydration, propylene, 192, 193
direct propylene hydration processes, 193
from acetone, 194
hand sanitizer formulations, 189
indirect hydration, propylene, 191, 192
Index
Hydrotreating (HDT) (cont.)
feedstocks
activity, 54
gasoline and gas oils, 55–58
heavy feedstock, 58, 59
catalyst selection, 55
properties, 54
selectivity, 55
stability, 55
γ-alumina, 7
hydroprocessing, 3
intrinsic activity, 12
low-activity catalysts, 11
macrolevel properties, 9
microlevel properties, 8
Ni-Mo catalysts, 7
petroleum fractions, 10
physicochemical properties, 7
porosity, 9
supports/carriers, 17
textural properties, 8
unsupported catalysts, 25, 27
Hydrotreating/hydrodesulfurization catalysts,
see HDT/HDS catalysts
Hydroxy-carbene mechanism, 432
α-Hydroxycarboxylic acids, 42
I
IL-amine blends, 655–657, 666
ILs-water blends, 655
Imidazolium-based ILs, 652
In 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 /Al-fiber catalyst, 574
Incipient wetness impregnation, 43, 325
Indirect cooled reactors, 577
Indirect syn-gas processing, 230
Indoles, 262
Induction, 238, 239, 245
Industrial CO 2 characteristics, 532
Industrial-grade IPA, 189
Industrial point sources, 533
Industrial process emissions, 533
In situ regeneration, 52
In situ resource utilization (ISRU), 548
In situ sulfiding, 46
Integrated gasification combined cycle
(IGCC), 405, 645
Interfacial tension (IFT), 711
Internal oxidizing directing groups
catalytic cycle, 269
C–H activation, 270
C–H bond functionalizations, 268, 269
conventional cross-coupling/cyclization
reactions, 269
methods, 270
N–C bond, 274, 275
nitrones, 276
N–N bond, 271, 273
N−O bond, 270, 271
N−S bond, 273, 274
O−O bond, 271
S–Cl bond, 274, 275
Si–H Bond, 274, 275
transition metal-catalysed C–H
functionalizations, 269
transition-metal catalyst, 269
International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC), 392
Ionic liquids (ILs)
amine blends, 655–657
amine-functionalized, 654
C 4 alkylation, 139
cations and anion, 650
cations and anions, 649
characteristics
biodegradability, 651
melting point, 650
thermal stability, 650
toxicity, 651
viscosity, 650
volatility, 650
CO 2 capture
PILs, 654
properties, 651
RTILs, 651, 652
SILMs, 653, 654
TSILs, 653
green solvents, 649
laboratory scale, 649
properties, 650
vs. salts, 649, 650
water blends, 655
Iridium catalysts, 625
Iron, 461
Iron-based catalysts, 452, 453, 460, 494
Irreversible deactivation, 89
Isobutane, 168
Isocoumarin, 266
Isomerization, 97, 379, 388
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
acetone to IPA process, 194
applications, 189, 191, 192
cosmetics and pesticide formulations, 189
direct hydration, propylene, 192, 193
direct propylene hydration processes, 193
from acetone, 194
hand sanitizer formulations, 189
indirect hydration, propylene, 191, 192
Index