738
Fine chemicals, 600–603, 609, 611, 623, 627,
628, 633
First-generation SO x additives, 88
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, 230, 401, 602,
611, 631, 632
Boudouard reaction, 431
carbon-containing resources, 430
carrier gas, 442
catalyst coating method, 442
cobalt, 443
cobalt-based catalysts, 443, 461
factors, 443
industry, 443
iron, 443
iron-based catalysts, 443, 452, 453, 460
kinetic models, 471–474
LabVIEW automated experimental setup,
442, 443
mechanisms, 462
metal-support interactions, 444
micro-reactor technology, 433, 434
natural gas, 461
nickel, 443
nickel carbonyls, 443
optimum performance, 443
performance, 442
polymerization reaction, 461
reactants, 461
reaction mechanisms, 431–433
research, 443
ruthenium, 443
silicon microreactor, 435, 437, 444, 445
support materials, 444
syngas conversion, 430, 460
syngas generation, 430, 431
3D printed microreactor
cobalt-based bimetallic silica
mesoporous catalyst, 447, 448,
450, 452
mesoporous support, 447
oxide support catalysts, 452
sol-gel-coated catalysts, 447
WGS reaction, 431, 461
Fixed-bed gasification
cross-draft, 407
designs, 406
downdraft, 406, 407
dry bottom, 406
petcoke, 406
syngas, 406
updraft, 406
Fixed bed reactors
adiabatic reactors, 576, 577
advantages, 588
disadvantages, 588
isothermal reactors, 576
methanol synthesis, 576
Flame-assisted spray pyrolysis (FASP), 542
Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), 542
Flame synthesis technique, 541, 543, 544
Flue gases
CH 4 , 320
combustion units, 320
compositions, 320
impurities, 320
India, 320
produce chemicals, 320
source of chemicals, 320
Fluid catalytic cracker/cracking (FCC), 118,
154, 155, 384, 512
additives, 92
atmospheric pressure, 66
automotive gasoline, 66
auxiliary units, 67
fractionator, 67
gasoline, 66
hydrocarbon feed, 66
hydrocracker, 65
licensors, 66
light olefins, 66
LPG, 65
octane gasoline, 65
oil refinery, 66
petroleum refinery, 65
premium hydrocarbon products, 66
regenerator, 67
riser–reactor section, 67
temperatures, 66
Fluidized bed dehydrogenation (FBD)
process, 157–158
Fluidized bed gasifier
advantages, 408
bed material, 408
BFB, 409
CFB, 409
classification, 409
inert materials, 408
SFB, 409
Fossil fuel-based power plants, 644
Fossil fuels, 378
Fractionation, 77–79
Fresh diesel feedstock, 5
FT reaction mechanisms
adsorption mechanisms
ASF, 432
CO adsorption, 433
H 2 adsorption, 433
carbide mechanism, 432
CO-insertion mechanism, 432
hydroxy-carbene mechanism, 432
Index
Fine chemicals, 600–603, 609, 611, 623, 627,
628, 633
First-generation SO x additives, 88
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, 230, 401, 602,
611, 631, 632
Boudouard reaction, 431
carbon-containing resources, 430
carrier gas, 442
catalyst coating method, 442
cobalt, 443
cobalt-based catalysts, 443, 461
factors, 443
industry, 443
iron, 443
iron-based catalysts, 443, 452, 453, 460
kinetic models, 471–474
LabVIEW automated experimental setup,
442, 443
mechanisms, 462
metal-support interactions, 444
micro-reactor technology, 433, 434
natural gas, 461
nickel, 443
nickel carbonyls, 443
optimum performance, 443
performance, 442
polymerization reaction, 461
reactants, 461
reaction mechanisms, 431–433
research, 443
ruthenium, 443
silicon microreactor, 435, 437, 444, 445
support materials, 444
syngas conversion, 430, 460
syngas generation, 430, 431
3D printed microreactor
cobalt-based bimetallic silica
mesoporous catalyst, 447, 448,
450, 452
mesoporous support, 447
oxide support catalysts, 452
sol-gel-coated catalysts, 447
WGS reaction, 431, 461
Fixed-bed gasification
cross-draft, 407
designs, 406
downdraft, 406, 407
dry bottom, 406
petcoke, 406
syngas, 406
updraft, 406
Fixed bed reactors
adiabatic reactors, 576, 577
advantages, 588
disadvantages, 588
isothermal reactors, 576
methanol synthesis, 576
Flame-assisted spray pyrolysis (FASP), 542
Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), 542
Flame synthesis technique, 541, 543, 544
Flue gases
CH 4 , 320
combustion units, 320
compositions, 320
impurities, 320
India, 320
produce chemicals, 320
source of chemicals, 320
Fluid catalytic cracker/cracking (FCC), 118,
154, 155, 384, 512
additives, 92
atmospheric pressure, 66
automotive gasoline, 66
auxiliary units, 67
fractionator, 67
gasoline, 66
hydrocarbon feed, 66
hydrocracker, 65
licensors, 66
light olefins, 66
LPG, 65
octane gasoline, 65
oil refinery, 66
petroleum refinery, 65
premium hydrocarbon products, 66
regenerator, 67
riser–reactor section, 67
temperatures, 66
Fluidized bed dehydrogenation (FBD)
process, 157–158
Fluidized bed gasifier
advantages, 408
bed material, 408
BFB, 409
CFB, 409
classification, 409
inert materials, 408
SFB, 409
Fossil fuel-based power plants, 644
Fossil fuels, 378
Fractionation, 77–79
Fresh diesel feedstock, 5
FT reaction mechanisms
adsorption mechanisms
ASF, 432
CO adsorption, 433
H 2 adsorption, 433
carbide mechanism, 432
CO-insertion mechanism, 432
hydroxy-carbene mechanism, 432
Index