739
FTS kinetics
ASF distribution model, 485, 486
C1 selectivity, 487
C 2 selectivity, 487
CO insertion mechanism, 492, 493
Fe-Co bimetallic catalyst, 493
hydrocarbon selectivity models, 491
iron and cobalt catalysts, 461, 492, 493
LHHW, 468, 491
non-ASF model, 489–491
α-olefin, 491
olefin desorption reaction, 493
α-olefin re-adsorption, 492
reaction mechanisms, 491
selectivity models, 493
syngas consumption rate
CO activation, 470, 475
CO consumption, 470
CO 2 inhibition, 475, 484
H 2 O inhibition, 475
iron catalysts, 469
value of α with carbon number, 487, 488
FTS mechanism
alkenyl, 465, 466
alkyl, 464, 465
alkyl theory, 463
CO insertion, 467, 469
enol, 467, 468
iron-based catalysts, 463
Fuel gas, 381
Fuel grade petcoke, 403
Fuel hydroprocessing, 391
Fujiwara–Moritani reaction, 262
Functional group interconversion strategy, 255
Functionalizable olefin monomer
acrylamides, 687
acrylic acid, 687
copolymerization, 688
methyl acrylate, 687
palladium- and nickel-based catalyst
systems, 689–693
transition metals, 688
tridentate ligands, 693–694
trimethyl aluminum and catalysts, 688
vinyl ethers, 687
Functionalized ionic liquids, 653
G
Gallium-modified catalysts, 39
Gasification
carbonaceous materials, 402, 403
coal, 402
elemental analysis, 403
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, 401
hydrocarbon materials, 401
petcoke (see Petcoke gasification)
proximate analysis, potential raw
materials, 403
syngas, 401
Gas oil (VGO), 73, 75, 165, 382
feedstock, 37
Gasoline, 67, 78, 99
Gasoline sulfur reduction (GSR)
additive, 91, 92
Gas-to-liquid process, 461
Gas-to-olefins (GTO) processes, 161
Gas transportation, 230
Gibbs free energy, 321, 564
Global warming, 529, 644
Glycerol steam reforming, 424
Grace Davison’s sulfur reduction additives, 92
Green chemistry
C–H activation (see C–H activation)
characteristics, 254
concept, 254
consecutive methods, 254
principles, 254
Green solvents, 648, 649
Green solvents, C–H activation
2-MeTHF, 280, 282
GVL, 282, 283
organic pollution, 276
sustainable approach, 276
transition metal catalysis, 276
water, 277–280
Greener methodologies, 304
Greenhouse effect, 528
Greenhouse gas (GHG), 528, 644
Gross calorific value (GCV), 403
Gross refinery margin (GRM), 112
H
H 2 adsorption, 433
H 2 /CO ratio, 324, 326, 327, 345
HDT/HDS catalysts
activation/sulfidation, 46, 47
active sites, 12
additives/modifiers, 36–41
basal planes, 11
chemical composition, 36
commercial, 59, 60
Co-Mo-/Ni-Mo-based, 12
CUS sites, 11
deactivation (see Catalyst deactivation)
feedstocks (see Hydrotreating feedstocks)
manufacturing methods, 36
nature of active sites, 11
physical and mechanical properties, 36
Index
FTS kinetics
ASF distribution model, 485, 486
C1 selectivity, 487
C 2 selectivity, 487
CO insertion mechanism, 492, 493
Fe-Co bimetallic catalyst, 493
hydrocarbon selectivity models, 491
iron and cobalt catalysts, 461, 492, 493
LHHW, 468, 491
non-ASF model, 489–491
α-olefin, 491
olefin desorption reaction, 493
α-olefin re-adsorption, 492
reaction mechanisms, 491
selectivity models, 493
syngas consumption rate
CO activation, 470, 475
CO consumption, 470
CO 2 inhibition, 475, 484
H 2 O inhibition, 475
iron catalysts, 469
value of α with carbon number, 487, 488
FTS mechanism
alkenyl, 465, 466
alkyl, 464, 465
alkyl theory, 463
CO insertion, 467, 469
enol, 467, 468
iron-based catalysts, 463
Fuel gas, 381
Fuel grade petcoke, 403
Fuel hydroprocessing, 391
Fujiwara–Moritani reaction, 262
Functional group interconversion strategy, 255
Functionalizable olefin monomer
acrylamides, 687
acrylic acid, 687
copolymerization, 688
methyl acrylate, 687
palladium- and nickel-based catalyst
systems, 689–693
transition metals, 688
tridentate ligands, 693–694
trimethyl aluminum and catalysts, 688
vinyl ethers, 687
Functionalized ionic liquids, 653
G
Gallium-modified catalysts, 39
Gasification
carbonaceous materials, 402, 403
coal, 402
elemental analysis, 403
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, 401
hydrocarbon materials, 401
petcoke (see Petcoke gasification)
proximate analysis, potential raw
materials, 403
syngas, 401
Gas oil (VGO), 73, 75, 165, 382
feedstock, 37
Gasoline, 67, 78, 99
Gasoline sulfur reduction (GSR)
additive, 91, 92
Gas-to-liquid process, 461
Gas-to-olefins (GTO) processes, 161
Gas transportation, 230
Gibbs free energy, 321, 564
Global warming, 529, 644
Glycerol steam reforming, 424
Grace Davison’s sulfur reduction additives, 92
Green chemistry
C–H activation (see C–H activation)
characteristics, 254
concept, 254
consecutive methods, 254
principles, 254
Green solvents, 648, 649
Green solvents, C–H activation
2-MeTHF, 280, 282
GVL, 282, 283
organic pollution, 276
sustainable approach, 276
transition metal catalysis, 276
water, 277–280
Greener methodologies, 304
Greenhouse effect, 528
Greenhouse gas (GHG), 528, 644
Gross calorific value (GCV), 403
Gross refinery margin (GRM), 112
H
H 2 adsorption, 433
H 2 /CO ratio, 324, 326, 327, 345
HDT/HDS catalysts
activation/sulfidation, 46, 47
active sites, 12
additives/modifiers, 36–41
basal planes, 11
chemical composition, 36
commercial, 59, 60
Co-Mo-/Ni-Mo-based, 12
CUS sites, 11
deactivation (see Catalyst deactivation)
feedstocks (see Hydrotreating feedstocks)
manufacturing methods, 36
nature of active sites, 11
physical and mechanical properties, 36
Index