736
Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE), 436
Delayed coking unit, 383
Demulsification, 718
crude, 720
Dense (non-porous) membranes, 416
Density functional theory (DFT), 470
1,3-butadiene hydrogenation, 212–214
Desalting, crude oils, 717
demulsification
chemical method, 720–723
crude conductivity, 718
electrical method, 720, 721
mechanical method, 720, 721
mechanism, 718, 719
methods, 720
refineries, 718
thermal method, 720
downstream processes, 717
oil desalting, 717
process, 717
process flow diagram, 717
surface-active compounds, 717
Desalting process, 382, 723
Desirable ethanol steam reforming
reaction, 420
Dialkyl carbonates, 619, 620
Dibenzothiophenes, 3, 4, 15
Diesel hydrotreater units, 5, 6
Di-iso-propylamine (DIPA), 511
Dimethyl ether (DME), 507, 620
4,6-Dimethyl dibenzothiophene (4,6
DMDBT), 4, 5, 13–15,
17–19, 22, 23
Dimethyldisulfide (CH 3 -S-S-CH 3 )
(DMDS), 46, 47
Dimethyl formamide, 630
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 47, 690, 692
Di-n-propylamine (DPA), 511
Dinuclear catalyst systems, 696
Dipropyl amine (DPA), 506
Direct desulfurization (DDS) pathway, 4,
13, 16, 24
Distillation, 381, 382
D-MTO-II technology, 161
Dominant technology for propylene
production (DTP), 163, 164
Downdraft gasifier, 406, 407
DRM reaction
kinetics (see Kinetics, DRM reaction)
Ni/MgAl 2 O 4 catalyst (see Ni/MgAl 2 O 4
catalyst)
Dry-gel conversion (DGC) method, 516
Dry/incipient wetness, 422
Dry reforming, 418–420, 549
Dry reforming of methane (DRM), 320
See also DRM reaction
Dual-bed gasifiers, 409
E
Electricity, 303
Electrochemical allene annulation, 301
Electrochemical C–H functionalization
acetonitrile, 303
advantages, 302
alkyl nitriles, 302
alkynes, 302
amides, 301, 302
amine, 303
aryl and alkyl bromides, 303
biaryl ketoximes, 300
biomass-derived renewable solvents, 303
C(sp
2
)–H couplings via anodic
oxidation, 299
carbonylation, 300
cobalt catalyst, 300
electrical power, 297
Friedel−Crafts alkylation, 297
heterocyclic products, 297–298
imidates, 302
intra- and intermolecular annulation, 302
iridium electrocatalysis strategy, 298, 300
ketones, 299
lactone and coumarin derivatives, 298
organic synthesis, 303
oxidant-free electrochemical protocol, 302
oximes, 300, 301
phenols/carbamates, alkynes, 301
PIL−CB, 298
redox-catalyst, 298
Ru(II)-electrocatalytic method, 300
valued functional groups, 298
Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH), 195
Electrochemical organic synthesis, 303
Electrocoalescence
water-in-oil emulsion, 722–725
Electrolysis, 418
Electron attracting additives, 221
Electrophilicity, 689
Eley-Rideal Model (ER), 339–341
Eley-Rideal-type mechanism, 450
Emulsions, 711
Endotherm, 135
Energy, 643
Energy demands, 415, 558, 644
Energy-rich substrates, 600
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), 534
Enol mechanism, 467, 468
Index
Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE), 436
Delayed coking unit, 383
Demulsification, 718
crude, 720
Dense (non-porous) membranes, 416
Density functional theory (DFT), 470
1,3-butadiene hydrogenation, 212–214
Desalting, crude oils, 717
demulsification
chemical method, 720–723
crude conductivity, 718
electrical method, 720, 721
mechanical method, 720, 721
mechanism, 718, 719
methods, 720
refineries, 718
thermal method, 720
downstream processes, 717
oil desalting, 717
process, 717
process flow diagram, 717
surface-active compounds, 717
Desalting process, 382, 723
Desirable ethanol steam reforming
reaction, 420
Dialkyl carbonates, 619, 620
Dibenzothiophenes, 3, 4, 15
Diesel hydrotreater units, 5, 6
Di-iso-propylamine (DIPA), 511
Dimethyl ether (DME), 507, 620
4,6-Dimethyl dibenzothiophene (4,6
DMDBT), 4, 5, 13–15,
17–19, 22, 23
Dimethyldisulfide (CH 3 -S-S-CH 3 )
(DMDS), 46, 47
Dimethyl formamide, 630
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 47, 690, 692
Di-n-propylamine (DPA), 511
Dinuclear catalyst systems, 696
Dipropyl amine (DPA), 506
Direct desulfurization (DDS) pathway, 4,
13, 16, 24
Distillation, 381, 382
D-MTO-II technology, 161
Dominant technology for propylene
production (DTP), 163, 164
Downdraft gasifier, 406, 407
DRM reaction
kinetics (see Kinetics, DRM reaction)
Ni/MgAl 2 O 4 catalyst (see Ni/MgAl 2 O 4
catalyst)
Dry-gel conversion (DGC) method, 516
Dry/incipient wetness, 422
Dry reforming, 418–420, 549
Dry reforming of methane (DRM), 320
See also DRM reaction
Dual-bed gasifiers, 409
E
Electricity, 303
Electrochemical allene annulation, 301
Electrochemical C–H functionalization
acetonitrile, 303
advantages, 302
alkyl nitriles, 302
alkynes, 302
amides, 301, 302
amine, 303
aryl and alkyl bromides, 303
biaryl ketoximes, 300
biomass-derived renewable solvents, 303
C(sp
2
)–H couplings via anodic
oxidation, 299
carbonylation, 300
cobalt catalyst, 300
electrical power, 297
Friedel−Crafts alkylation, 297
heterocyclic products, 297–298
imidates, 302
intra- and intermolecular annulation, 302
iridium electrocatalysis strategy, 298, 300
ketones, 299
lactone and coumarin derivatives, 298
organic synthesis, 303
oxidant-free electrochemical protocol, 302
oximes, 300, 301
phenols/carbamates, alkynes, 301
PIL−CB, 298
redox-catalyst, 298
Ru(II)-electrocatalytic method, 300
valued functional groups, 298
Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH), 195
Electrochemical organic synthesis, 303
Electrocoalescence
water-in-oil emulsion, 722–725
Electrolysis, 418
Electron attracting additives, 221
Electrophilicity, 689
Eley-Rideal Model (ER), 339–341
Eley-Rideal-type mechanism, 450
Emulsions, 711
Endotherm, 135
Energy, 643
Energy demands, 415, 558, 644
Energy-rich substrates, 600
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), 534
Enol mechanism, 467, 468
Index