732
C 4 alkenes cut, 207
C 4 -alkylation
acid catalyst, 113
alkylate production, 139
conventional mineral acid catalysts, 112
environmentally friendly solid acidcatalyzed processes, 112, 115, 116
heterogeneous catalysts, 112
IL-based, 139
mechanism, 113, 114
mineral acids, 113
solid acid-based catalysts, 139
zeolite-based catalysts, 116–118
Cage architecture, 359
Cages, 358, 359
Carbamate formation, 646
Carbenium ions, 96
Carbide mechanism, 432
Carbocations, 95
Carbon, 344, 529
Carbon capture utilization and storage
(CCUS), 644
Carbon cycle, 529, 530
Carbon deposition, 323, 334
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 254
anthropogenic sources, 527
atmosphere, 527
at atmospheric temperature and
pressure, 600
capture, 531, 533
capture from atmosphere, 607–608
capture technology, 602
carbon cycle, 529, 530
catalytic fixation, 603
catalytic reactions for CO 2 conversion, 601
chemical absorption, 605
chemical adsorbents, 605, 606
chemicals and fuels, 528
climate challenges, 528, 529
eco-friendly feedstock, 600
electrophilic, 600
emissions, 528, 530, 531
energy profile diagram and activation, 601
fine chemicals and fuel synthesis, 601
free energy, 600
homogenous catalysts for CO 2 (see
Homogenous catalysis, CO 2
conversion)
hydrogenation, 602
iron-steel industry plant, 604
material catalysts, 602
with organic molecules, 602
organic scaffolds, 602
photosynthetic process, 599
polycarbonate production, 602
pre-combustion capture, 604
solid adsorbents, 606
sources of CO 2 emission, 604
tri-reforming
catalyst performance, 545, 547
kinetics, 545, 547
weak electrophile, 600
Carbon dioxide utilization
bio-conversion, 534
by-product, 533
carbon sequestration, 533
catalytic conversion, 535
chemical synthesis, 534
environmental impact categories, 534
EOR, 534
large-scale implementation, 536
photo-catalytic conversion, 534
reducing emissions, 536
Carbon Engineering, in Canada, 610
Carbon fluxes, 529, 530
Carbon footprints, 559, 648
Carbon formation, 323, 324, 327, 328
Carbon oxide conversion, 591
Carbon oxides, 563
Carbon Recycling International (CRI), 610
Carbon source feedstocks, 559
Carbon species, 339
Carbonaceous materials, 402, 403
Carbonaceous species, 333
Carbonium ion, 95
Carbon-rich source gases, 559
Carburization, 238, 239
Cardyon™ polyols, 610
Catalyst activity, 47, 55
Catalyst characterization methods
activity, 543
electron microscopic methods, 545
overview, 545
pore sizes, 544
selectivity, 543
sites and basic sites, 545
stability, 543
surface and chemical properties, 543
surface area, 544
surface species, 544
Catalyst coating method, 442
Catalyst coke selectivity, 105
Catalyst deactivation
active sites poisons, 50
catalyst activity, 47
coke, 48, 49, 51
feed source, 48
heavy feedstocks, 48
Index
C 4 alkenes cut, 207
C 4 -alkylation
acid catalyst, 113
alkylate production, 139
conventional mineral acid catalysts, 112
environmentally friendly solid acidcatalyzed processes, 112, 115, 116
heterogeneous catalysts, 112
IL-based, 139
mechanism, 113, 114
mineral acids, 113
solid acid-based catalysts, 139
zeolite-based catalysts, 116–118
Cage architecture, 359
Cages, 358, 359
Carbamate formation, 646
Carbenium ions, 96
Carbide mechanism, 432
Carbocations, 95
Carbon, 344, 529
Carbon capture utilization and storage
(CCUS), 644
Carbon cycle, 529, 530
Carbon deposition, 323, 334
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 254
anthropogenic sources, 527
atmosphere, 527
at atmospheric temperature and
pressure, 600
capture, 531, 533
capture from atmosphere, 607–608
capture technology, 602
carbon cycle, 529, 530
catalytic fixation, 603
catalytic reactions for CO 2 conversion, 601
chemical absorption, 605
chemical adsorbents, 605, 606
chemicals and fuels, 528
climate challenges, 528, 529
eco-friendly feedstock, 600
electrophilic, 600
emissions, 528, 530, 531
energy profile diagram and activation, 601
fine chemicals and fuel synthesis, 601
free energy, 600
homogenous catalysts for CO 2 (see
Homogenous catalysis, CO 2
conversion)
hydrogenation, 602
iron-steel industry plant, 604
material catalysts, 602
with organic molecules, 602
organic scaffolds, 602
photosynthetic process, 599
polycarbonate production, 602
pre-combustion capture, 604
solid adsorbents, 606
sources of CO 2 emission, 604
tri-reforming
catalyst performance, 545, 547
kinetics, 545, 547
weak electrophile, 600
Carbon dioxide utilization
bio-conversion, 534
by-product, 533
carbon sequestration, 533
catalytic conversion, 535
chemical synthesis, 534
environmental impact categories, 534
EOR, 534
large-scale implementation, 536
photo-catalytic conversion, 534
reducing emissions, 536
Carbon Engineering, in Canada, 610
Carbon fluxes, 529, 530
Carbon footprints, 559, 648
Carbon formation, 323, 324, 327, 328
Carbon oxide conversion, 591
Carbon oxides, 563
Carbon Recycling International (CRI), 610
Carbon source feedstocks, 559
Carbon species, 339
Carbonaceous materials, 402, 403
Carbonaceous species, 333
Carbonium ion, 95
Carbon-rich source gases, 559
Carburization, 238, 239
Cardyon™ polyols, 610
Catalyst activity, 47, 55
Catalyst characterization methods
activity, 543
electron microscopic methods, 545
overview, 545
pore sizes, 544
selectivity, 543
sites and basic sites, 545
stability, 543
surface and chemical properties, 543
surface area, 544
surface species, 544
Catalyst coating method, 442
Catalyst coke selectivity, 105
Catalyst deactivation
active sites poisons, 50
catalyst activity, 47
coke, 48, 49, 51
feed source, 48
heavy feedstocks, 48
Index