728
36. Binks BP, Lumsdon SO (1999) Stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilised by silica particles.
Phys Chem Chem Phys 1(12):3007–3016
37. Jones T, Neustadter E, Whittingham K et al (1978) Water-in-crude oil emulsion stability and
emulsion destabilization by chemical demulsifiers. J Can Pet Technol 17(02):100–108
38. Havre TE, SjÖblom J, Vindstad JE (2003) Oil/water-partitioning and interfacial behavior of
naphthenic acids. J Dispers Sci Technol 24(6):789–801
39. Kilpatrick PK, Spiecker PM (2001) Asphaltene emulsions. in encyclopedic handbook of
emulsion technology. Basel, New York, NY, p 207
40. McLean JD, Kilpatrick PK (1997) Effects of asphaltene solvency on stability of water-incrude-oil emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 189(2):242–253
41. Czarnecki J, Moran K (2005) On the stabilization mechanism of water-in-oil emulsions in
petroleum systems. Energy Fuel 19(5):2074–2079
42. Kang W, Xu B, Wang Y, Li Y, Shan X, An F, Liu J (2011) Stability mechanism of w/o crude
oil emulsion stabilized by polymer and surfactant. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp
384(1):555–560
43. Ramalho JBV, Lechuga FC, Lucas EF (2010) Effect of the structure of commercial poly
(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide) demulsifier bases on the demulsification of water-in-crude
oil emulsions: elucidation of the demulsification mechanism. Quim Nova 33(8):1664–1670
44. SjÖblom J, SÖderlund H, Lindblad S, Johansen E, Skjarvo I (1990) Water-in-crude oil
emulsions from the Norwegian continental shelf. Colloid Polym Sci 268(4):389–398
45. Cottrell FG (1911) Process for separating and collecting particles of one liquid suspended in
another liquid. US Patent 987114
46. Schramm LL (1992a) Emulsions (fundamentals and applications in the petroleum industry).
Advances in chemistry series. American Chemical Society, Washington DC
47. Zdravkov A, Peters G, Meijer H (2003) Film drainage between two captive drops: peo-water
in silicon oil. J Colloid Interface Sci 266(1):195–201
48. Jain RK, Ivanov IB (1980) Thinning and rupture of ring-shaped films. J Chem Soc Far Trans 2
Mol Chem Physi 76:250–266
49. Stein H (1993) The drainage of free liquid films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp
79(1):71–80
50. Aryafard E, Farsi M, Rahimpour M, Raeissi S (2016) Modeling electrostatic separation for
dehydration and desalination of crude oil in an industrial two-stage desalting plant. J Taiwan
Inst Chem Eng 58:141–147
51. Aveyard R, Binks B, Fletcher P, Lu J (1990) The resolution of water-in-crude oil emulsions by
the addition of low molar mass demulsifiers. J Colloid Interface Sci 139(1):128–138
52. Sad CM, Santana IL, Morigaki MK, Medeiros EF, Castro EV, Santos MF, Filgueiras PR (2015)
New methodology for heavy oil desalination. Fuel 150:705–710
53. Atta AM (2013) Electric desalting and dewatering of crude oil emulsion based on Schiff base
polymers as demulsifier. Int J Electrochem Sci 8:9474–9498
54. Atten P (1993) Electrocoalescence of water droplets in an insulating liquid. J Electrost
30:259–269
55. Cottrell F, Speed J (1911) Separating and collecting particles of one liquid suspended in
another liquid. US Patent 987,115
56. Anand V, Juvekar VA, Thaokar RM (2020) Coalescence, partial coalescence and non- coalescence
of an aqueous drop at an oil-water interface under an electric field. Langmuir 36:6051
57. Atten P (2013) Electrohydrodynamics of dispersed drops of conducting liquid: from drops
deformation and interaction to emulsion evolution. Int J Plas Environ Sci Technol 7:2–12
58. Mhatre S, Deshmukh S, Thaokar RM (2015) Electrocoalescence of a drop pair. Phys Fluids
27(9):092106
59. Mhatre S, Thaokar R (2015) Electrocoalescence in non-uniform electric fields: an experimental
study. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 96:28–38
V. Anand and R. M. Thaokar
36. Binks BP, Lumsdon SO (1999) Stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilised by silica particles.
Phys Chem Chem Phys 1(12):3007–3016
37. Jones T, Neustadter E, Whittingham K et al (1978) Water-in-crude oil emulsion stability and
emulsion destabilization by chemical demulsifiers. J Can Pet Technol 17(02):100–108
38. Havre TE, SjÖblom J, Vindstad JE (2003) Oil/water-partitioning and interfacial behavior of
naphthenic acids. J Dispers Sci Technol 24(6):789–801
39. Kilpatrick PK, Spiecker PM (2001) Asphaltene emulsions. in encyclopedic handbook of
emulsion technology. Basel, New York, NY, p 207
40. McLean JD, Kilpatrick PK (1997) Effects of asphaltene solvency on stability of water-incrude-oil emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 189(2):242–253
41. Czarnecki J, Moran K (2005) On the stabilization mechanism of water-in-oil emulsions in
petroleum systems. Energy Fuel 19(5):2074–2079
42. Kang W, Xu B, Wang Y, Li Y, Shan X, An F, Liu J (2011) Stability mechanism of w/o crude
oil emulsion stabilized by polymer and surfactant. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp
384(1):555–560
43. Ramalho JBV, Lechuga FC, Lucas EF (2010) Effect of the structure of commercial poly
(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide) demulsifier bases on the demulsification of water-in-crude
oil emulsions: elucidation of the demulsification mechanism. Quim Nova 33(8):1664–1670
44. SjÖblom J, SÖderlund H, Lindblad S, Johansen E, Skjarvo I (1990) Water-in-crude oil
emulsions from the Norwegian continental shelf. Colloid Polym Sci 268(4):389–398
45. Cottrell FG (1911) Process for separating and collecting particles of one liquid suspended in
another liquid. US Patent 987114
46. Schramm LL (1992a) Emulsions (fundamentals and applications in the petroleum industry).
Advances in chemistry series. American Chemical Society, Washington DC
47. Zdravkov A, Peters G, Meijer H (2003) Film drainage between two captive drops: peo-water
in silicon oil. J Colloid Interface Sci 266(1):195–201
48. Jain RK, Ivanov IB (1980) Thinning and rupture of ring-shaped films. J Chem Soc Far Trans 2
Mol Chem Physi 76:250–266
49. Stein H (1993) The drainage of free liquid films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp
79(1):71–80
50. Aryafard E, Farsi M, Rahimpour M, Raeissi S (2016) Modeling electrostatic separation for
dehydration and desalination of crude oil in an industrial two-stage desalting plant. J Taiwan
Inst Chem Eng 58:141–147
51. Aveyard R, Binks B, Fletcher P, Lu J (1990) The resolution of water-in-crude oil emulsions by
the addition of low molar mass demulsifiers. J Colloid Interface Sci 139(1):128–138
52. Sad CM, Santana IL, Morigaki MK, Medeiros EF, Castro EV, Santos MF, Filgueiras PR (2015)
New methodology for heavy oil desalination. Fuel 150:705–710
53. Atta AM (2013) Electric desalting and dewatering of crude oil emulsion based on Schiff base
polymers as demulsifier. Int J Electrochem Sci 8:9474–9498
54. Atten P (1993) Electrocoalescence of water droplets in an insulating liquid. J Electrost
30:259–269
55. Cottrell F, Speed J (1911) Separating and collecting particles of one liquid suspended in
another liquid. US Patent 987,115
56. Anand V, Juvekar VA, Thaokar RM (2020) Coalescence, partial coalescence and non- coalescence
of an aqueous drop at an oil-water interface under an electric field. Langmuir 36:6051
57. Atten P (2013) Electrohydrodynamics of dispersed drops of conducting liquid: from drops
deformation and interaction to emulsion evolution. Int J Plas Environ Sci Technol 7:2–12
58. Mhatre S, Deshmukh S, Thaokar RM (2015) Electrocoalescence of a drop pair. Phys Fluids
27(9):092106
59. Mhatre S, Thaokar R (2015) Electrocoalescence in non-uniform electric fields: an experimental
study. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 96:28–38
V. Anand and R. M. Thaokar