727
12. Strassner J et al (1968) Effect of pH on interfacial films and stability of crude oil-water
emulsions. J Pet Technol 20(03):303–312
13. Vafajoo L, Ganjian K, Fattahi M (2012) Influence of key parameters on crude oil desalting: an
experimental and theoretical study. J Pet Sci Eng 90:107–111
14. Anand V, Juvekar V, Thaokar R (2018a) Coalescence and noncoalescence of two aqueous
drops in insulating oil under an electric field. Bull Am Phys Soc 63
15. Anand V, Patel R, Naik VM, Juvekar VA, Thaokar RM (2019c) Modelling and particle based
simulation of electro-coalescence of a water-in-oil emulsion. Comput Chem Eng 121:608–617
16. Gupta AKS (1977) Process for refining crude glyceride oils by membrane filtration. US Patent
4,062,882
17. Mohammed R, Bailey A, Luckham P, Taylor S (1994) Dewatering of crude oil emulsions 3.
Emulsion resolution by chemical means. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 83(3):261–271
18. Noik C, Chen J, Dalmazzone C (2006) Electrostatic demulsification on crude oil: a state-ofthe-art review. In: International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition in China. Society of
Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX
19. Ristenpart W, Bird J, Belmonte A, Dollar F, Stone H (2009) Noncoalescence of oppositely
charged drops. Nature 461(7262):377
20. Roy S, Anand V, Thaokar RM (2019) Breakup and non-coalescence mechanism of aqueous
droplets suspended in castor oil under electric field. J Fluid Mech 878:820–833
21. Staiss F, Roland B, Kupfer R (1991) Improved demulsifier chemistry: a novel approach in the
dehydration of crude oil. SPE Prod Eng 6(03):334–338
22. SjÖblom J, Aske N, Auflem IH, Brandal Q, Havre TE, Saether Q, Westvik A, Johnsen EE,
Kallevik H (2003) Our current understanding of water-in-crude oil emulsions: recent
characterization techniques and high pressure performance. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 100:399–473
23. ASTM-D4124-09, 2009. Standard test method for separation of asphalt into four fractions.
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 04.03, 1-8.
24. Sheu E, Storm D (1995) Asphaltenes: fundamentals and applications, vol 245. Plenum Press,
New York, NY
25. Kilpatrick PK (2012) Water-in-crude oil emulsion stabilization: review and unanswered
questions. Energy Fuel 26(7):4017–4026
26. Lesaint C, Spets Ø, Glomm WR, Simon S, SjÖblom J (2010) Dielectric response as a function
of viscosity for two crude oils with different conductivities. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng
Asp 369(1):20–26
27. Cametti C, Codastefano P, Tartaglia P, Rouch J, Chen S-H (1990) Theory and experiment of
electrical conductivity and percolation locus in water-in-oil microemulsions. Phys Rev Lett
64(12):1461
28. Steinhau F (1962) Modern oil field demulsification. Part I. Petroleum 25:294–296
29. PetroWiki (2014) Stability of oil emulsions. https://petrowiki.org/Stability_of_oil_emulsions.
Accessed 9 Apr 2016
30. Schramm LL (1992b) Fundamentals and applications in the petroleum industry. American
Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp 1–49
31. Fortuny M, Oliveira CB, Melo RL, Nele M, Coutinho RC, Santos AF (2007) Effect of salinity,
temperature, water content, and pH on the microwave demulsification of crude oil emulsions.
Energy Fuel 21(3):1358–1364
32. Hajivand P, Vaziri A (2015) Optimization of demulsifier formulation for separation of water
from crude oil emulsions. Braz J Chem Eng 32(1):107–118
33. Speight JG, Moschopedis SE (1981) On the molecular nature of petroleum asphaltenes. ACS
Publications, Washington DC, pp 1–15
34. Tambe DE, Sharma MM (1993) Factors controlling the stability of colloid-stabilized
emulsions: I. An experimental investigation. J Colloid Interface Sci 157(1):244–253
35. Kokal S, Al-Juraid J et al (1998) Reducing emulsion problems by controlling asphaltene
solubility and precipitation. In: SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of
Petroleum Engineers, Richardson TX
Stability and Destabilization of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsion
12. Strassner J et al (1968) Effect of pH on interfacial films and stability of crude oil-water
emulsions. J Pet Technol 20(03):303–312
13. Vafajoo L, Ganjian K, Fattahi M (2012) Influence of key parameters on crude oil desalting: an
experimental and theoretical study. J Pet Sci Eng 90:107–111
14. Anand V, Juvekar V, Thaokar R (2018a) Coalescence and noncoalescence of two aqueous
drops in insulating oil under an electric field. Bull Am Phys Soc 63
15. Anand V, Patel R, Naik VM, Juvekar VA, Thaokar RM (2019c) Modelling and particle based
simulation of electro-coalescence of a water-in-oil emulsion. Comput Chem Eng 121:608–617
16. Gupta AKS (1977) Process for refining crude glyceride oils by membrane filtration. US Patent
4,062,882
17. Mohammed R, Bailey A, Luckham P, Taylor S (1994) Dewatering of crude oil emulsions 3.
Emulsion resolution by chemical means. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 83(3):261–271
18. Noik C, Chen J, Dalmazzone C (2006) Electrostatic demulsification on crude oil: a state-ofthe-art review. In: International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition in China. Society of
Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX
19. Ristenpart W, Bird J, Belmonte A, Dollar F, Stone H (2009) Noncoalescence of oppositely
charged drops. Nature 461(7262):377
20. Roy S, Anand V, Thaokar RM (2019) Breakup and non-coalescence mechanism of aqueous
droplets suspended in castor oil under electric field. J Fluid Mech 878:820–833
21. Staiss F, Roland B, Kupfer R (1991) Improved demulsifier chemistry: a novel approach in the
dehydration of crude oil. SPE Prod Eng 6(03):334–338
22. SjÖblom J, Aske N, Auflem IH, Brandal Q, Havre TE, Saether Q, Westvik A, Johnsen EE,
Kallevik H (2003) Our current understanding of water-in-crude oil emulsions: recent
characterization techniques and high pressure performance. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 100:399–473
23. ASTM-D4124-09, 2009. Standard test method for separation of asphalt into four fractions.
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 04.03, 1-8.
24. Sheu E, Storm D (1995) Asphaltenes: fundamentals and applications, vol 245. Plenum Press,
New York, NY
25. Kilpatrick PK (2012) Water-in-crude oil emulsion stabilization: review and unanswered
questions. Energy Fuel 26(7):4017–4026
26. Lesaint C, Spets Ø, Glomm WR, Simon S, SjÖblom J (2010) Dielectric response as a function
of viscosity for two crude oils with different conductivities. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng
Asp 369(1):20–26
27. Cametti C, Codastefano P, Tartaglia P, Rouch J, Chen S-H (1990) Theory and experiment of
electrical conductivity and percolation locus in water-in-oil microemulsions. Phys Rev Lett
64(12):1461
28. Steinhau F (1962) Modern oil field demulsification. Part I. Petroleum 25:294–296
29. PetroWiki (2014) Stability of oil emulsions. https://petrowiki.org/Stability_of_oil_emulsions.
Accessed 9 Apr 2016
30. Schramm LL (1992b) Fundamentals and applications in the petroleum industry. American
Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp 1–49
31. Fortuny M, Oliveira CB, Melo RL, Nele M, Coutinho RC, Santos AF (2007) Effect of salinity,
temperature, water content, and pH on the microwave demulsification of crude oil emulsions.
Energy Fuel 21(3):1358–1364
32. Hajivand P, Vaziri A (2015) Optimization of demulsifier formulation for separation of water
from crude oil emulsions. Braz J Chem Eng 32(1):107–118
33. Speight JG, Moschopedis SE (1981) On the molecular nature of petroleum asphaltenes. ACS
Publications, Washington DC, pp 1–15
34. Tambe DE, Sharma MM (1993) Factors controlling the stability of colloid-stabilized
emulsions: I. An experimental investigation. J Colloid Interface Sci 157(1):244–253
35. Kokal S, Al-Juraid J et al (1998) Reducing emulsion problems by controlling asphaltene
solubility and precipitation. In: SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of
Petroleum Engineers, Richardson TX
Stability and Destabilization of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsion