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54. Gao J, Zheng Y, Fitzgerald GB, Joannis JD, Tang Y, Wachs IE, Podkolzin SG (2014) Structure
of Mo 2 C x and Mo 4 C x molybdenum carbide nanoparticles and their anchoring sites on ZSM-5
zeolites. J Phys Chem C 118:4670–4679. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp4106053
55. Khan TS, Balyan S, Mishra S, Pant KK, Haider MA (2018) Mechanistic insights into the activity of Mo-carbide clusters for methane dehydrogenation and carbon–carbon coupling reactions
to form ethylene in methane dehydroaromatization. J Phys Chem C 122:11754–11764. https://
doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b09275
56. Zheng Y, Tang Y, Gallagher JR, Gao J, Miller JT, Wachs IE, Podkolzin SG (2019)
Molybdenum oxide, oxycarbide, and carbide: controlling the dynamic composition, size,
and catalytic activity of zeolite-supported nanostructures. J Phys Chem C 123:22281–22292.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b05449
57. Iliuta MC, Larachi F, Grandjean BPA, Iliuta I, Sayari A (2002) Methane nonoxidative aromatization over Ru-Mo/HZSM-5 in a membrane catalytic reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res
41:2371–2378. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010977s
58. Zhang W, Smirniotis PG (1999) On the exceptional time-on-stream stability of HZSM-12
zeolite: relation between zeolite pore structure and activity. Catal Lett 60:223–228. https://doi.
org/10.1023/A:1019079612655
59. Xu Y, Wang J, Suzuki Y, Zhang ZG (2011) Effect of transition metal additives on the catalytic stability of Mo/HZSM-5 in the methane dehydroaromatization under periodic CH 4 -
H 2 switch operation at 1073 K. Appl Catal A 409-410:181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apcata.2011.10.003
60. Cui Y, Xu YB, Suzuki Y, Zhang ZG (2011) Experimental evidence for three rate-controlling
regions of the non-oxidative methane dehydroaromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst at
1073 K. Cat Sci Technol 1:823–829. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CY00083G
61. Shu Y, Ohnishi R, Ichikawa M (2002) Pressurized dehydrocondensation of methane toward
benzene and naphthalene on Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst: optimization of reaction parameters and
promotion by CO 2 addition. J Catal 206:134–142. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2001.3481
62. Rival O, Grandjean BPA, Guy C, Sayari A, Larachi F (2001) Oxygen-free methane aromatization in a catalytic membrane reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 40:2212–2219. https://doi.
org/10.1021/ie001089k
63. Solymosi F, Szoke A, Cserenyi J (1996) Conversion of methane to benzene over Mo 2 C and
Mo 2 C/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catal Lett 39:157–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00805576
64. Cook B, Mousko D, Hoelderich W, Zennaro R (2009) Conversion of methane to aromatics
over Mo 2 C/ZSM-5 catalyst in different reactor types. Appl Catal A Gen 365:34–41. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.05.037
65. Huang H, Qian W, Wei T, Li Y, Wei F (2006) Methane aromatization in fluidized bed reactor.
Chin J Chem Ind Eng 57:1918–1922
66. Xu Y, Lu J, Wang J, Suzuki Y, Zhang Z-G (2011) The catalytic stability of Mo/HZSM-5 in
methane dehydroaromatization at severe and periodic CH 4 -H 2 switch operating conditions.
Chem Eng J 168:390–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.047
67. Gimeno MP, Soler J, Herguido J, Menendez M (2010) Counteracting catalyst deactivation in
methane aromatization with a two zone fluidized bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:996–1000.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie900682y
68. Liu Z, Li L, Iglesia E (2002) Catalytic pyrolysis of methane on Mo/H-ZSM5 with continuous
hydrogen removal by permeation through dense oxide films. Catal Lett 82:175. https://doi.
org/10.1023/A:1020510810548
S. Mishra et al.
54. Gao J, Zheng Y, Fitzgerald GB, Joannis JD, Tang Y, Wachs IE, Podkolzin SG (2014) Structure
of Mo 2 C x and Mo 4 C x molybdenum carbide nanoparticles and their anchoring sites on ZSM-5
zeolites. J Phys Chem C 118:4670–4679. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp4106053
55. Khan TS, Balyan S, Mishra S, Pant KK, Haider MA (2018) Mechanistic insights into the activity of Mo-carbide clusters for methane dehydrogenation and carbon–carbon coupling reactions
to form ethylene in methane dehydroaromatization. J Phys Chem C 122:11754–11764. https://
doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b09275
56. Zheng Y, Tang Y, Gallagher JR, Gao J, Miller JT, Wachs IE, Podkolzin SG (2019)
Molybdenum oxide, oxycarbide, and carbide: controlling the dynamic composition, size,
and catalytic activity of zeolite-supported nanostructures. J Phys Chem C 123:22281–22292.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b05449
57. Iliuta MC, Larachi F, Grandjean BPA, Iliuta I, Sayari A (2002) Methane nonoxidative aromatization over Ru-Mo/HZSM-5 in a membrane catalytic reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res
41:2371–2378. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010977s
58. Zhang W, Smirniotis PG (1999) On the exceptional time-on-stream stability of HZSM-12
zeolite: relation between zeolite pore structure and activity. Catal Lett 60:223–228. https://doi.
org/10.1023/A:1019079612655
59. Xu Y, Wang J, Suzuki Y, Zhang ZG (2011) Effect of transition metal additives on the catalytic stability of Mo/HZSM-5 in the methane dehydroaromatization under periodic CH 4 -
H 2 switch operation at 1073 K. Appl Catal A 409-410:181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apcata.2011.10.003
60. Cui Y, Xu YB, Suzuki Y, Zhang ZG (2011) Experimental evidence for three rate-controlling
regions of the non-oxidative methane dehydroaromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst at
1073 K. Cat Sci Technol 1:823–829. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CY00083G
61. Shu Y, Ohnishi R, Ichikawa M (2002) Pressurized dehydrocondensation of methane toward
benzene and naphthalene on Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst: optimization of reaction parameters and
promotion by CO 2 addition. J Catal 206:134–142. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2001.3481
62. Rival O, Grandjean BPA, Guy C, Sayari A, Larachi F (2001) Oxygen-free methane aromatization in a catalytic membrane reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 40:2212–2219. https://doi.
org/10.1021/ie001089k
63. Solymosi F, Szoke A, Cserenyi J (1996) Conversion of methane to benzene over Mo 2 C and
Mo 2 C/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catal Lett 39:157–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00805576
64. Cook B, Mousko D, Hoelderich W, Zennaro R (2009) Conversion of methane to aromatics
over Mo 2 C/ZSM-5 catalyst in different reactor types. Appl Catal A Gen 365:34–41. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.05.037
65. Huang H, Qian W, Wei T, Li Y, Wei F (2006) Methane aromatization in fluidized bed reactor.
Chin J Chem Ind Eng 57:1918–1922
66. Xu Y, Lu J, Wang J, Suzuki Y, Zhang Z-G (2011) The catalytic stability of Mo/HZSM-5 in
methane dehydroaromatization at severe and periodic CH 4 -H 2 switch operating conditions.
Chem Eng J 168:390–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.047
67. Gimeno MP, Soler J, Herguido J, Menendez M (2010) Counteracting catalyst deactivation in
methane aromatization with a two zone fluidized bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:996–1000.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie900682y
68. Liu Z, Li L, Iglesia E (2002) Catalytic pyrolysis of methane on Mo/H-ZSM5 with continuous
hydrogen removal by permeation through dense oxide films. Catal Lett 82:175. https://doi.
org/10.1023/A:1020510810548
S. Mishra et al.