145
84. Weitkamp J (1980) “Catalysis by zeolites”, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis; Volume
5, p 65–75; In: Imelik B, Naccache C, Ben Taarit Y, Vedrine J.C, Coudurier G, Praliaud H
(eds) Elsevier, Amsterdam
85. Corma A, Martinez A, Martinez C (1996) The role of extra framework aluminum species in
USY catalysts during isobutane/2-butene alkylation. Appl Catal A Gen 134(1):169–182
86. Simpson M, Wei J, Sundaresan S (1996) In: Anastas P, Williamson T (eds) ACS symposium
series 626. American Chemical Society, p 105
87. Rørvik T, Mostad H, Ellestad OH, Stöcker M (1996) Isobutane/2-butene alkylation over faujasite type zeolites in a slurry reactor. Effect of operating conditions and catalyst regeneration. Appl Catal A Gen 137(2):235–253
88. De Jong KP, Mesters CMAM, Peferoen DGR, Van Brugge PTM, De Groot C (1996) Paraffin
alkylation using zeolite catalysts in a slurry reactor: chemical engineering principles to
extend catalyst lifetime. Chem Eng Sci 51(10):2053–2060
89. Sekine Y, Tajima Y, Ichikawa Y, Matsukata M, Kikucki E (2012) J Jpn Pet Inst 55(5):308–318
90. Querini CA, Roa E (1997) Deactivation of solid acid catalysts during isobutane alkylation
with C4 olefins. Appl Catal A Gen 163(1–2):199–215
91. Zhuang Y, Ng FTT (2000) Isobutane/1-butene alkylation on LaNaY catalysts modified by
alkali and alkaline-earth cations. Appl Catal A Gen 190(1–2):137–147
92. Yoo KS, Smirniotis PG (2005) Zeolites-catalyzed alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene:
influence of acidic properties. Catal Lett 103(3–4):249–255
93. Pater J, Cardona F, Canaff C, Gnep NS, Szabo G, Guisnet M (1999) Alkylation of isobutane
with 2-butene over a HFAU zeolite. Composition of coke and deactivating effect. Ind Eng
Chem Res 38(10):3822–3829
94. Ginosar DM, Thompson DN, Burch KC (2004) Recovery of alkylation activity in deactivated
USY catalyst using supercritical fluids: a comparison of light hydrocarbons. Appl Catal A
Gen 262(2):223–231
95. Josl R, Klingmann R, Traa Y, Gläser R, Weitkamp J (2004) Regeneration of zeolite catalysts
deactivated in isobutane/butene alkylation: an in situ FTIR investigation at elevated H2 pressure. Catal Commun 5(5):239–241
96. Sievers C, Zuazo I, Guzman A, Olindo R, Syska H, Lercher JA (2007) Stages of aging and
deactivation of zeolite LaX in isobutane/2-butene alkylation. J Catal 246(2):315–324
97. Guzman A, Zuazo I, Feller A, Olindo R, Sievers C, Lercher JA (2006) Influence of the activation temperature on the physicochemical properties and catalytic activity of La-X zeolites for
isobutane/cis-2-butene alkylation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 97(1–3):49–57
98. Sievers C, Liebert JS, Stratmann MM, Olindo R, Lercher JA (2008) Comparison of zeolites LaX and LaY as catalysts for isobutane/2-butene alkylation. Appl Catal A Gen
336(1–2):89–100
99. Rørvik T, Dahl IM, Mostad HB, Ellestad OH (1995) Nafion-H as catalyst for isobutane/2butene alkylation compared with a cerium exchanged Y zeolite. Catal Lett 33(1–2):127–134
100. Rosenbach N, Mota CJA (2005) Isobutane/2-butene alkylation with zeolite Y without
Brønsted acidity. J Braz Chem Soc 16(4):691–694
101. Pine LA, Maher PJ, Wachter WA (1984) Prediction of cracking catalyst behavior by a zeolite
unit cell size model. J Catal 85(2):466–476
102. Lovink HJ, Pine LA (eds) (1990) The hydrocarbon chemistry of FCC Naphtha formation.
Technip, Paris, p 1
103. Dwyer J, Karim K, Ojo AF (1991) Bimolecular hydrogen transfer over zeolites and SAPOs
having the faujasite structure. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 87(5):783–786
104. Feller A, Guzman A, Zuazo I, Lercher JA (2003) A novel process for solid acid catalyzed
isobutane/butene alkylation. Stud Surf Sci Catal. 145:67–72
105. Yoo K, Smirniotis PG (2002) The influence of Si/Al ratios of synthesized beta zeolites for the
alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene. Appl Catal A Gen 227(1–2):171–179
106. Weitkamp J, Traa Y (1999) Isobutane/butene alkylation on solid catalysts. Where do we
stand? Catal Today 49(1–3):193–199
Emerging Trends in Solid Acid Catalyst Alkylation Processes
84. Weitkamp J (1980) “Catalysis by zeolites”, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis; Volume
5, p 65–75; In: Imelik B, Naccache C, Ben Taarit Y, Vedrine J.C, Coudurier G, Praliaud H
(eds) Elsevier, Amsterdam
85. Corma A, Martinez A, Martinez C (1996) The role of extra framework aluminum species in
USY catalysts during isobutane/2-butene alkylation. Appl Catal A Gen 134(1):169–182
86. Simpson M, Wei J, Sundaresan S (1996) In: Anastas P, Williamson T (eds) ACS symposium
series 626. American Chemical Society, p 105
87. Rørvik T, Mostad H, Ellestad OH, Stöcker M (1996) Isobutane/2-butene alkylation over faujasite type zeolites in a slurry reactor. Effect of operating conditions and catalyst regeneration. Appl Catal A Gen 137(2):235–253
88. De Jong KP, Mesters CMAM, Peferoen DGR, Van Brugge PTM, De Groot C (1996) Paraffin
alkylation using zeolite catalysts in a slurry reactor: chemical engineering principles to
extend catalyst lifetime. Chem Eng Sci 51(10):2053–2060
89. Sekine Y, Tajima Y, Ichikawa Y, Matsukata M, Kikucki E (2012) J Jpn Pet Inst 55(5):308–318
90. Querini CA, Roa E (1997) Deactivation of solid acid catalysts during isobutane alkylation
with C4 olefins. Appl Catal A Gen 163(1–2):199–215
91. Zhuang Y, Ng FTT (2000) Isobutane/1-butene alkylation on LaNaY catalysts modified by
alkali and alkaline-earth cations. Appl Catal A Gen 190(1–2):137–147
92. Yoo KS, Smirniotis PG (2005) Zeolites-catalyzed alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene:
influence of acidic properties. Catal Lett 103(3–4):249–255
93. Pater J, Cardona F, Canaff C, Gnep NS, Szabo G, Guisnet M (1999) Alkylation of isobutane
with 2-butene over a HFAU zeolite. Composition of coke and deactivating effect. Ind Eng
Chem Res 38(10):3822–3829
94. Ginosar DM, Thompson DN, Burch KC (2004) Recovery of alkylation activity in deactivated
USY catalyst using supercritical fluids: a comparison of light hydrocarbons. Appl Catal A
Gen 262(2):223–231
95. Josl R, Klingmann R, Traa Y, Gläser R, Weitkamp J (2004) Regeneration of zeolite catalysts
deactivated in isobutane/butene alkylation: an in situ FTIR investigation at elevated H2 pressure. Catal Commun 5(5):239–241
96. Sievers C, Zuazo I, Guzman A, Olindo R, Syska H, Lercher JA (2007) Stages of aging and
deactivation of zeolite LaX in isobutane/2-butene alkylation. J Catal 246(2):315–324
97. Guzman A, Zuazo I, Feller A, Olindo R, Sievers C, Lercher JA (2006) Influence of the activation temperature on the physicochemical properties and catalytic activity of La-X zeolites for
isobutane/cis-2-butene alkylation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 97(1–3):49–57
98. Sievers C, Liebert JS, Stratmann MM, Olindo R, Lercher JA (2008) Comparison of zeolites LaX and LaY as catalysts for isobutane/2-butene alkylation. Appl Catal A Gen
336(1–2):89–100
99. Rørvik T, Dahl IM, Mostad HB, Ellestad OH (1995) Nafion-H as catalyst for isobutane/2butene alkylation compared with a cerium exchanged Y zeolite. Catal Lett 33(1–2):127–134
100. Rosenbach N, Mota CJA (2005) Isobutane/2-butene alkylation with zeolite Y without
Brønsted acidity. J Braz Chem Soc 16(4):691–694
101. Pine LA, Maher PJ, Wachter WA (1984) Prediction of cracking catalyst behavior by a zeolite
unit cell size model. J Catal 85(2):466–476
102. Lovink HJ, Pine LA (eds) (1990) The hydrocarbon chemistry of FCC Naphtha formation.
Technip, Paris, p 1
103. Dwyer J, Karim K, Ojo AF (1991) Bimolecular hydrogen transfer over zeolites and SAPOs
having the faujasite structure. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 87(5):783–786
104. Feller A, Guzman A, Zuazo I, Lercher JA (2003) A novel process for solid acid catalyzed
isobutane/butene alkylation. Stud Surf Sci Catal. 145:67–72
105. Yoo K, Smirniotis PG (2002) The influence of Si/Al ratios of synthesized beta zeolites for the
alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene. Appl Catal A Gen 227(1–2):171–179
106. Weitkamp J, Traa Y (1999) Isobutane/butene alkylation on solid catalysts. Where do we
stand? Catal Today 49(1–3):193–199
Emerging Trends in Solid Acid Catalyst Alkylation Processes