144
59. Olah GA, Kaspi J, Bukala J (1977) Heterogeneous catalysis by solid superacids. 3. Alkylation
of benzene and transalkylation of alkylbenzenes over graphite-intercalated Lewis acid halide
and perfluorinated resin-sulfonic acid (Nafion-H) catalysts. J Org Chem 42(26):4187–4191
60. Hasegawa H, Higashimura T (1980) Selective alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons with styrene by solid polymeric oxo acids. Polym J 12(6):407–409
61. Harmer MA, Farneth WE, Sun Q (1998) Towards the sulfuric acid of solids. Adv Mater
10(15):1255–1257
62. Arata K, Matsuhashi H (1990) Solid superacids. Adv Catal 37:165–211
63. Shen W, Dubé D, Kaliaguine S (2008) Alkylation of isobutane/1-butene over periodic mesoporous organosilica functionalized with perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid group. Catal Commun
10(3):291–294
64. Heidekum A, Harmer MA, Hoelderich WF (1998) Highly selective Fries rearrangement over
zeolites and Nafion in silica composite catalysts: a comparison. J Catal 176(1):260–263
65. Shen W, Gu Y, Xu H, Dubé D, Kaliaguine S (2010) Alkylation of isobutane/1-butene on
methyl-modified Nafion/SBA-15 materials. Appl Catal A Gen 377(1–2):1–8
66. Misono M, Okuhara T (1993) Chemtech 23(11):23
67. Weitkamp J, Traa Y (1997), Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis. Edited by: Ertl G,
Knözinger H, Weitkamp J, VCH, Weinheim, pp 2039–2069
68. Dalla Costa BO, Querini CA (2010) Isobutane alkylation with butenes in gas phase. Chem
Eng J 162(2):829–835
69. Yoo K, Burckle EC, Smirniotis PG (2001) Comparison of protonated zeolites with various dimensionalities for the liquid phase alkylation of i-butane with 2-butene. Catal Lett
74(1–2):85–90
70. Corma A, Faraldos M, Mifsud A (1989) Influence of the level of dealumination on the selective adsorption of olefins and paraffins and its implication on hydrogen transfer reactions
during catalytic cracking on USY zeolites. Appl Catal 47(1):125–133
71. Corma A, Faraldos M, Martínez A, Mifsud A (1990) Hydrogen transfer on USY zeolites during gas oil cracking: influence of the adsorption characteristics of the zeolite catalysts. J Catal
122(2):230–239
72. Zheng L, Xiaojin T, Lifeng H, Shuandi H (2016) Modeling of isobutane/butene alkylation using solid acid catalysts in a fixed bed reactor. China Pet Process Petrochem Technol
18(2):63–69
73. Klingmann R, Josl R, Traa Y, Gläser R, Weitkamp J (2005) Hydrogenative regeneration of a
Pt/La-Y zeolite catalyst deactivated in the isobutane/n-butene alkylation. Appl Catal A Gen
281(1–2):215–223
74. Feller A, Lercher JA (2004) Chemistry and technology of isobutane/alkene alkylation catalyzed by liquid and solid acids. Adv Catal 48:229–295
75. Kirsch FW, Potts JD, Barmby DS (1968) Prepr Am Chem Soc Div Pet Chem 13(1):153–164
76. Garwood WE, Venuto PB (1968) Paraffin-olefin alkylation over a crystalline aluminosilicate.
J Catal 11(2):175–177
77. Kirsch FW, Potts JD, Barmby DS (1972) Isoparaffin-olefin alkylations with crystalline aluminosilicates. I. Early studies-C4-olefins. J Catal 27(1):142–150
78. Minachev KM, Mortikov ES, Zen’kovskii SM, Mostovoi NV, Kononov NF (1977) Prepr Am
Chem Soc Div Pet Chem 22:1020–1024
79. Weitkamp J (1980). In: Rees LVC (ed) Proceedings of the 5th international on zeolite conference, Heyden, London, Philadelphia, Rheine, p 858
80. Juguin B, Raatz F, Marcilly C (1988) French Patent 2631956
81. Salgado H, CT&F, Cienc (2016) Tecnol Futuro 3(6):91–104
82. Flego C, Galasso L, Kiricsi I, Clerici MG (1994) In: Delmon B, Delmon B, Froment G (eds)
Catalyst deactivation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 585
83. Flego C, Kiricsi I, Parker WO, Clerici MG (1995) Spectroscopic studies of LaHY-FAU catalyst
deactivation in the alkylation of isobutane with 1-butene. Appl Catal A Gen 124(1):107–119
S. M. Pai et al.
59. Olah GA, Kaspi J, Bukala J (1977) Heterogeneous catalysis by solid superacids. 3. Alkylation
of benzene and transalkylation of alkylbenzenes over graphite-intercalated Lewis acid halide
and perfluorinated resin-sulfonic acid (Nafion-H) catalysts. J Org Chem 42(26):4187–4191
60. Hasegawa H, Higashimura T (1980) Selective alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons with styrene by solid polymeric oxo acids. Polym J 12(6):407–409
61. Harmer MA, Farneth WE, Sun Q (1998) Towards the sulfuric acid of solids. Adv Mater
10(15):1255–1257
62. Arata K, Matsuhashi H (1990) Solid superacids. Adv Catal 37:165–211
63. Shen W, Dubé D, Kaliaguine S (2008) Alkylation of isobutane/1-butene over periodic mesoporous organosilica functionalized with perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid group. Catal Commun
10(3):291–294
64. Heidekum A, Harmer MA, Hoelderich WF (1998) Highly selective Fries rearrangement over
zeolites and Nafion in silica composite catalysts: a comparison. J Catal 176(1):260–263
65. Shen W, Gu Y, Xu H, Dubé D, Kaliaguine S (2010) Alkylation of isobutane/1-butene on
methyl-modified Nafion/SBA-15 materials. Appl Catal A Gen 377(1–2):1–8
66. Misono M, Okuhara T (1993) Chemtech 23(11):23
67. Weitkamp J, Traa Y (1997), Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis. Edited by: Ertl G,
Knözinger H, Weitkamp J, VCH, Weinheim, pp 2039–2069
68. Dalla Costa BO, Querini CA (2010) Isobutane alkylation with butenes in gas phase. Chem
Eng J 162(2):829–835
69. Yoo K, Burckle EC, Smirniotis PG (2001) Comparison of protonated zeolites with various dimensionalities for the liquid phase alkylation of i-butane with 2-butene. Catal Lett
74(1–2):85–90
70. Corma A, Faraldos M, Mifsud A (1989) Influence of the level of dealumination on the selective adsorption of olefins and paraffins and its implication on hydrogen transfer reactions
during catalytic cracking on USY zeolites. Appl Catal 47(1):125–133
71. Corma A, Faraldos M, Martínez A, Mifsud A (1990) Hydrogen transfer on USY zeolites during gas oil cracking: influence of the adsorption characteristics of the zeolite catalysts. J Catal
122(2):230–239
72. Zheng L, Xiaojin T, Lifeng H, Shuandi H (2016) Modeling of isobutane/butene alkylation using solid acid catalysts in a fixed bed reactor. China Pet Process Petrochem Technol
18(2):63–69
73. Klingmann R, Josl R, Traa Y, Gläser R, Weitkamp J (2005) Hydrogenative regeneration of a
Pt/La-Y zeolite catalyst deactivated in the isobutane/n-butene alkylation. Appl Catal A Gen
281(1–2):215–223
74. Feller A, Lercher JA (2004) Chemistry and technology of isobutane/alkene alkylation catalyzed by liquid and solid acids. Adv Catal 48:229–295
75. Kirsch FW, Potts JD, Barmby DS (1968) Prepr Am Chem Soc Div Pet Chem 13(1):153–164
76. Garwood WE, Venuto PB (1968) Paraffin-olefin alkylation over a crystalline aluminosilicate.
J Catal 11(2):175–177
77. Kirsch FW, Potts JD, Barmby DS (1972) Isoparaffin-olefin alkylations with crystalline aluminosilicates. I. Early studies-C4-olefins. J Catal 27(1):142–150
78. Minachev KM, Mortikov ES, Zen’kovskii SM, Mostovoi NV, Kononov NF (1977) Prepr Am
Chem Soc Div Pet Chem 22:1020–1024
79. Weitkamp J (1980). In: Rees LVC (ed) Proceedings of the 5th international on zeolite conference, Heyden, London, Philadelphia, Rheine, p 858
80. Juguin B, Raatz F, Marcilly C (1988) French Patent 2631956
81. Salgado H, CT&F, Cienc (2016) Tecnol Futuro 3(6):91–104
82. Flego C, Galasso L, Kiricsi I, Clerici MG (1994) In: Delmon B, Delmon B, Froment G (eds)
Catalyst deactivation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 585
83. Flego C, Kiricsi I, Parker WO, Clerici MG (1995) Spectroscopic studies of LaHY-FAU catalyst
deactivation in the alkylation of isobutane with 1-butene. Appl Catal A Gen 124(1):107–119
S. M. Pai et al.