67
narrow, restricting the blood flow and hence increasing heart beat and blood pressure to pump blood harder through the constricted blood vessels. Cold weather can
impact blood flows and increase risk of a heart attack.
2.5 Optics
Optics is the specialization of physics that deals with the properties and behavior
of light.
Working underground may increase exposure to artificial lighting, shift working as well as
poor sleep quality associated with vitamin D deficiency, excessive noise, radon exposure,
sick building syndrome, and negative psychological effects. (Nang et al. 2019)
Optics is of interest to environmental professionals as most of the time environmental degradation is noticed by physical observation. The change in color of water,
air, soil, and snow is often an indication that not everything is normal with the environment. In some other instances, abnormality is observed due to fish kill, withering
flora, abnormal increase in insects, etc.
Environmental factors such as pollution by particles, toxic chemicals, microbes,
variable humidity, cosmetics, ultraviolet radiations, temperature variations, affect
the eyes resulting in several of eye disorders.
Light pollution occurs in several forms, including sky glow (bright halo that
occur over urban areas at night due to light scattering by particles in the air), light
trespass (unwanted artificial light spills onto a neighboring property), glare (light
that shines horizontally), over-illumination (use of artificial light beyond what is
needed for a specific activity).
The level of light pollution (excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial light)
is growing exponentially. Even after control of the light distribution, some upward
light emission exists due to atmospheric scattering and reflections from the lit surfaces (Falchi et al. 2011).
Anthropogenic aerosols are responsible for radiative forcing (or climate forcing,
defined as the difference between sunlight absorbed by the earth and energy radiated back to space) due to aerosol–cloud interactions, aerosol–radiation interactions, and land use changes such as deforestation. Apart from radiative forcing,
climate change feedbacks (increase/decrease in temperature of the atmosphere)
play an important role in climate change due to changes in biogeochemical cycles,
ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice, which may increase temperature (positive feedback)
or decrease temperature (negative feedback). Albedo is a measure of how much
light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed, measured on a scale
from 0 (corresponds to body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding
to a body that reflects all incident radiation).
The ecologic effects of artificial light include the following:
• Behavior alteration by wildlife such as:
2.5 Optics
narrow, restricting the blood flow and hence increasing heart beat and blood pressure to pump blood harder through the constricted blood vessels. Cold weather can
impact blood flows and increase risk of a heart attack.
2.5 Optics
Optics is the specialization of physics that deals with the properties and behavior
of light.
Working underground may increase exposure to artificial lighting, shift working as well as
poor sleep quality associated with vitamin D deficiency, excessive noise, radon exposure,
sick building syndrome, and negative psychological effects. (Nang et al. 2019)
Optics is of interest to environmental professionals as most of the time environmental degradation is noticed by physical observation. The change in color of water,
air, soil, and snow is often an indication that not everything is normal with the environment. In some other instances, abnormality is observed due to fish kill, withering
flora, abnormal increase in insects, etc.
Environmental factors such as pollution by particles, toxic chemicals, microbes,
variable humidity, cosmetics, ultraviolet radiations, temperature variations, affect
the eyes resulting in several of eye disorders.
Light pollution occurs in several forms, including sky glow (bright halo that
occur over urban areas at night due to light scattering by particles in the air), light
trespass (unwanted artificial light spills onto a neighboring property), glare (light
that shines horizontally), over-illumination (use of artificial light beyond what is
needed for a specific activity).
The level of light pollution (excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial light)
is growing exponentially. Even after control of the light distribution, some upward
light emission exists due to atmospheric scattering and reflections from the lit surfaces (Falchi et al. 2011).
Anthropogenic aerosols are responsible for radiative forcing (or climate forcing,
defined as the difference between sunlight absorbed by the earth and energy radiated back to space) due to aerosol–cloud interactions, aerosol–radiation interactions, and land use changes such as deforestation. Apart from radiative forcing,
climate change feedbacks (increase/decrease in temperature of the atmosphere)
play an important role in climate change due to changes in biogeochemical cycles,
ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice, which may increase temperature (positive feedback)
or decrease temperature (negative feedback). Albedo is a measure of how much
light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed, measured on a scale
from 0 (corresponds to body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding
to a body that reflects all incident radiation).
The ecologic effects of artificial light include the following:
• Behavior alteration by wildlife such as:
2.5 Optics