66
The flow-related force in immersed body comprises of the following:
(a) A drag force in the flow direction
(b) A lift force
(c) A side force
The drag, lift, and side forces exerted on an immersed body by a flowing fluid are
perpendicular to each other.
2.4.5 Scales of Environmental Fluid Processes and Systems
The factors and processes governing fluid flow in the environment occur in different
sizes and scales. Table 2.6 gives some of the environmental fluid processes and
systems at various dimensions. Table 2.7 gives application of fluid mechanics in
environmental science.
Dynamics of blood flow in human body, controlled by homeostatic mechanisms,
is continuously monitored and adjusted to conditions in the body and its environment.
Study of skin blood flow at 20 and 40 °C revealed constant skin blood flow until
skin temperature is more than 31 °C, which varied rapidly to a further decrease in
skin temperature, indicating a temperature threshold at which vascular constriction
begins (Vuksanović et al. 2008). Low temperatures make blood vessels and arteries
Table 2.7 Application of fluid mechanics in environmental science
Sl.
no. Application
Brief description
1
Pollution dispersion
prediction
Water and air pollution prediction is important for decisionmaking during new projects and disaster managements to the
know the movement of pollutants; concepts of fluid mechanics are
used mathematically for predictive calculations
2
Water distribution
system design
Water distribution in urban local bodies, industries, commercial
establishment, and housing is done through pipes under pressure;
designing of the water distribution network relies on established
fluid mechanics theory
3
Wastewater collection
system design
Wastewater from industries and urban local bodies is managed
through systems of open channel and pipes; proper collection
system needs an understanding of fluid mechanics concept
4
Water and wastewater
treatment plant design
Water and wastewater treatment require laminar flow at some
stage and turbulence in other stages; proper treatment design
needs knowledge of fluid mechanics
5
Air pollution control
equipment design
Air pollution control equipment requires many fluid mechanics
concepts depending on the type and quantity of pollutants to be
controlled
6
Representative sample
collection and
monitoring
Pollution is not uniformly distributed in the environment;
improper sampling planning and method may result in un
representative sampling; the understanding of basic concepts helps
in proper sample collection and monitoring
2 Fundamentals of Physics for Environmental and Medical Professionals
The flow-related force in immersed body comprises of the following:
(a) A drag force in the flow direction
(b) A lift force
(c) A side force
The drag, lift, and side forces exerted on an immersed body by a flowing fluid are
perpendicular to each other.
2.4.5 Scales of Environmental Fluid Processes and Systems
The factors and processes governing fluid flow in the environment occur in different
sizes and scales. Table 2.6 gives some of the environmental fluid processes and
systems at various dimensions. Table 2.7 gives application of fluid mechanics in
environmental science.
Dynamics of blood flow in human body, controlled by homeostatic mechanisms,
is continuously monitored and adjusted to conditions in the body and its environment.
Study of skin blood flow at 20 and 40 °C revealed constant skin blood flow until
skin temperature is more than 31 °C, which varied rapidly to a further decrease in
skin temperature, indicating a temperature threshold at which vascular constriction
begins (Vuksanović et al. 2008). Low temperatures make blood vessels and arteries
Table 2.7 Application of fluid mechanics in environmental science
Sl.
no. Application
Brief description
1
Pollution dispersion
prediction
Water and air pollution prediction is important for decisionmaking during new projects and disaster managements to the
know the movement of pollutants; concepts of fluid mechanics are
used mathematically for predictive calculations
2
Water distribution
system design
Water distribution in urban local bodies, industries, commercial
establishment, and housing is done through pipes under pressure;
designing of the water distribution network relies on established
fluid mechanics theory
3
Wastewater collection
system design
Wastewater from industries and urban local bodies is managed
through systems of open channel and pipes; proper collection
system needs an understanding of fluid mechanics concept
4
Water and wastewater
treatment plant design
Water and wastewater treatment require laminar flow at some
stage and turbulence in other stages; proper treatment design
needs knowledge of fluid mechanics
5
Air pollution control
equipment design
Air pollution control equipment requires many fluid mechanics
concepts depending on the type and quantity of pollutants to be
controlled
6
Representative sample
collection and
monitoring
Pollution is not uniformly distributed in the environment;
improper sampling planning and method may result in un
representative sampling; the understanding of basic concepts helps
in proper sample collection and monitoring
2 Fundamentals of Physics for Environmental and Medical Professionals