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Flood in coastal area of Manado, Indonesia had noticeable health impact. The
area is characterized by with minimal clean water, high density houses, and latrines
discharging waste directly to the beach/river (Ronald et al. 2015).
The increased population density has been the cause of death due to weather
events that include the following:
1. Death of over 9000 and missing of 9200 people in El Salvador, Honduras,
Guatemala, and Nicaragua due to Hurricane Mitch in October 1998
2. Death of more than 2000 deaths due to tsunami and earthquake in Papua New
Guinea in July 1998
3. Deaths of more than 175,000 people due to tsunami and earthquake in Indonesia
and beyond in December 2005
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of algae such as dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria,
and diatoms in aquatic environments are of human health concern. Numerous
human ailments are caused by consuming seafood contaminated with toxins generated by the HAB (Backer et al. 2005; Baden et al. 1995) by bioaccumulation
(Fleming et al. 2006). In addition, toxins of HABs can also enter human body by air.
Human exposures to water as well as aerosols comprising toxins have been associated with respiratory ailments (Fleming et al. 2005).
Some diseases associated with marine phytoplankton include the following
(Fleming et al. 2006):
Fig. 6.2 Photos of coastal area
6.2 Human and Environmental Conflict
Flood in coastal area of Manado, Indonesia had noticeable health impact. The
area is characterized by with minimal clean water, high density houses, and latrines
discharging waste directly to the beach/river (Ronald et al. 2015).
The increased population density has been the cause of death due to weather
events that include the following:
1. Death of over 9000 and missing of 9200 people in El Salvador, Honduras,
Guatemala, and Nicaragua due to Hurricane Mitch in October 1998
2. Death of more than 2000 deaths due to tsunami and earthquake in Papua New
Guinea in July 1998
3. Deaths of more than 175,000 people due to tsunami and earthquake in Indonesia
and beyond in December 2005
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of algae such as dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria,
and diatoms in aquatic environments are of human health concern. Numerous
human ailments are caused by consuming seafood contaminated with toxins generated by the HAB (Backer et al. 2005; Baden et al. 1995) by bioaccumulation
(Fleming et al. 2006). In addition, toxins of HABs can also enter human body by air.
Human exposures to water as well as aerosols comprising toxins have been associated with respiratory ailments (Fleming et al. 2005).
Some diseases associated with marine phytoplankton include the following
(Fleming et al. 2006):
Fig. 6.2 Photos of coastal area
6.2 Human and Environmental Conflict