196
Air pollution may have long-term harmful outcomes with respect to bone in
exposed pediatric populations (Calderón-Garcidueñas et al. 2013).
5.13 Otorhinolaryngology
The ears and nose are sensory organs for hearing and smell, respectively, while the
throat acts as a pathway through which fluids and food travel to the esophagus (tube
that connects throat and stomach) besides air passes to the lungs. Otorhinolaryngology
is a specialization of medicine which is concerned with the diseases of the ear, nose,
and throat.
Nose provides air for respiration besides serving as the sense organ for smell. It
conditions the air by warming, filtering, moistening, cleaning foreign particles
before air travels into body. Nose is also the major port of entry for many diseasecausing agents including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 disease that appeared in China in late 2019 and became a pandemic. Studies in China
(Fengying et al. 2016) concluded that air pollutants had health effects on ear, nose,
and throat. Brauer et al. (2007) published a link between air pollution as well as
ear–nose–throat infections apart from respiratory health outcomes in a large group
of children. Diesel exhaust particles can provoke the development of new allergen
sensitization when enter nose (Limaye and Salv 2010).
Sore throat could be noninfectious or infectious. Noninfectious environmental
factors for sour throat include air pollution, temperature, and humidity. Ambient air
pollution is a common reason for sore throat beside occupational exposure hazardous chemicals (Renner et al. 2012).
Apart from nose and ear is an important sense organ that can be affected by noise
pollution and infection.
Box 5.3 Fluoride and Fluorosis: Case Studies
Alteration of water characteristics happen due to natural and anthropogenic
activity. Chemicals naturally present in the environment may be triggered by
anthropogenic activity leading to deterioration of water quality beyond potable quality. The groundwater in villages as well as its environment in Siddipet
area, Medak district, Telangana State, in India are affected by fluoride contamination due to rock–water interaction dominance besides evaporation
dominance are reasons for the alteration in the quality of water in the aquifer
of the study area, resulting in dental fluorosis of major population living in the
villages (Narsimha and Sudarshan 2017).
Fluoride poisoning in Northern Africa, the Rift Valley system, in addition
to the area extending from Turkey to China due to high fluoride concentrations naturally occurs in the drinking water. This has resulted in skeletal fluorosis as well as associated skeletal abnormalities (Langford and Ferner 2002).
5 Introduction to Medical Sciences
Air pollution may have long-term harmful outcomes with respect to bone in
exposed pediatric populations (Calderón-Garcidueñas et al. 2013).
5.13 Otorhinolaryngology
The ears and nose are sensory organs for hearing and smell, respectively, while the
throat acts as a pathway through which fluids and food travel to the esophagus (tube
that connects throat and stomach) besides air passes to the lungs. Otorhinolaryngology
is a specialization of medicine which is concerned with the diseases of the ear, nose,
and throat.
Nose provides air for respiration besides serving as the sense organ for smell. It
conditions the air by warming, filtering, moistening, cleaning foreign particles
before air travels into body. Nose is also the major port of entry for many diseasecausing agents including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 disease that appeared in China in late 2019 and became a pandemic. Studies in China
(Fengying et al. 2016) concluded that air pollutants had health effects on ear, nose,
and throat. Brauer et al. (2007) published a link between air pollution as well as
ear–nose–throat infections apart from respiratory health outcomes in a large group
of children. Diesel exhaust particles can provoke the development of new allergen
sensitization when enter nose (Limaye and Salv 2010).
Sore throat could be noninfectious or infectious. Noninfectious environmental
factors for sour throat include air pollution, temperature, and humidity. Ambient air
pollution is a common reason for sore throat beside occupational exposure hazardous chemicals (Renner et al. 2012).
Apart from nose and ear is an important sense organ that can be affected by noise
pollution and infection.
Box 5.3 Fluoride and Fluorosis: Case Studies
Alteration of water characteristics happen due to natural and anthropogenic
activity. Chemicals naturally present in the environment may be triggered by
anthropogenic activity leading to deterioration of water quality beyond potable quality. The groundwater in villages as well as its environment in Siddipet
area, Medak district, Telangana State, in India are affected by fluoride contamination due to rock–water interaction dominance besides evaporation
dominance are reasons for the alteration in the quality of water in the aquifer
of the study area, resulting in dental fluorosis of major population living in the
villages (Narsimha and Sudarshan 2017).
Fluoride poisoning in Northern Africa, the Rift Valley system, in addition
to the area extending from Turkey to China due to high fluoride concentrations naturally occurs in the drinking water. This has resulted in skeletal fluorosis as well as associated skeletal abnormalities (Langford and Ferner 2002).
5 Introduction to Medical Sciences