195
The common eye ailments liked to environment are the following:
• Fungal keratitis—an infection of the cornea caused by fungus
• Trachoma—infectious disease caused by bacteria
• Snow blindness (arc eye or photokeratitis)—loss of vision due to overexposure
to the UV rays
• Actinic keratopathy (also called spheroidal degeneration or climatic droplet
keratopathy)—inflammation of the eye due to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet
rays
Trachoma linked to poor sanitation is the reason behind visual impairment in
about 2.2 million people worldwide (Mohammdpour et al. 2016). Exposure to augmented noise, global warming, flood light sources, intense UV, and infrared radiations too damage human vision (Yadav 2019). Eye infection could be eliminated by
environmental measures as well as changes in behavior.
While incidences of blindness due to ozone depletion and greater solar ultraviolet radiation have reduced, global warming may turn into a factor in the early onset
as well as rapid succession of cataract (Johnson 2004).
5.12 Orthopedics
Bones provide support to animal body and protect the body’s organs. Muscles are
the only tissue that has the ability to contract and hence move the body parts.
Orthopedics is a specialization of medical science concerned with the correction of
deformities of bones/muscles.
Several environmental toxicants can affect health of bone and muscles directly
and indirectly. Endoncrine disruptors, volatile organic compounds, dioxins and
dioxin-like compounds, fluoride, fungal toxins (toxins released by fungi), arsenic,
boron, cadmium, lead, lithium, iron, strontium, tungsten, and mercury are likely to
affect bone health (Smith et al. 2017). High cadmium exposure will cause bone
damage (Agneta et al. 2006).
Small quantity of fluoride strengthens bones as well as prevents dental caries, but
excess fluoride in water can result in irreversible as well as crippling condition in
children called skeletal fluorosis. Fluoride exposure can occur through drinking
water, excessive ingestion of toothpaste as well as mouth rinses. Exposures to excessive fluoride to children can result in irreversible dental mottling as well as pitting
of enamel.
5.13 Otorhinolaryngology
The common eye ailments liked to environment are the following:
• Fungal keratitis—an infection of the cornea caused by fungus
• Trachoma—infectious disease caused by bacteria
• Snow blindness (arc eye or photokeratitis)—loss of vision due to overexposure
to the UV rays
• Actinic keratopathy (also called spheroidal degeneration or climatic droplet
keratopathy)—inflammation of the eye due to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet
rays
Trachoma linked to poor sanitation is the reason behind visual impairment in
about 2.2 million people worldwide (Mohammdpour et al. 2016). Exposure to augmented noise, global warming, flood light sources, intense UV, and infrared radiations too damage human vision (Yadav 2019). Eye infection could be eliminated by
environmental measures as well as changes in behavior.
While incidences of blindness due to ozone depletion and greater solar ultraviolet radiation have reduced, global warming may turn into a factor in the early onset
as well as rapid succession of cataract (Johnson 2004).
5.12 Orthopedics
Bones provide support to animal body and protect the body’s organs. Muscles are
the only tissue that has the ability to contract and hence move the body parts.
Orthopedics is a specialization of medical science concerned with the correction of
deformities of bones/muscles.
Several environmental toxicants can affect health of bone and muscles directly
and indirectly. Endoncrine disruptors, volatile organic compounds, dioxins and
dioxin-like compounds, fluoride, fungal toxins (toxins released by fungi), arsenic,
boron, cadmium, lead, lithium, iron, strontium, tungsten, and mercury are likely to
affect bone health (Smith et al. 2017). High cadmium exposure will cause bone
damage (Agneta et al. 2006).
Small quantity of fluoride strengthens bones as well as prevents dental caries, but
excess fluoride in water can result in irreversible as well as crippling condition in
children called skeletal fluorosis. Fluoride exposure can occur through drinking
water, excessive ingestion of toothpaste as well as mouth rinses. Exposures to excessive fluoride to children can result in irreversible dental mottling as well as pitting
of enamel.
5.13 Otorhinolaryngology