xxiii
Fig. 3.1 Health and environment ........................................................................ 96
Fig. 3.2 Pristine natural environment ................................................................. 97
Fig. 3.3 Alteration of environment for human benefit ....................................... 98
Fig. 3.4 Urban settling with improper planning ................................................. 99
Fig. 3.5 Characteristics of living beings ............................................................. 99
Fig. 3.6 Illustration showing complex arrangement of chemicals that
makes an organism .............................................................................. 100
Fig. 3.7 Structure of a typical bacterium .......................................................... 104
Fig. 3.8 Chain of infection ............................................................................... 106
Fig. 3.9 A waste picker with insufficient personal protective equipment
exposing herself for direct transmission of infection .......................... 107
Fig. 3.10 Water overflowing due to accidental damage to water supply
line exposing public water supply to microbial contamination .......... 108
Fig. 3.11 Sylvatic disease cycle .......................................................................... 119
Fig. 3.12 Wildlife to domestic animal to human disease transmission .............. 120
Fig. 3.13 Vector transmitted urban/rural disease cycle ...................................... 122
Fig. 3.14 Paddy fields ......................................................................................... 123
Fig. 4.1 Different types of interaction among the organisms ........................... 133
Fig. 4.2 Food cycle ........................................................................................... 134
Fig. 4.3 Humans in the food web ..................................................................... 135
Fig. 4.4 Linking between biosphere and organisms ......................................... 135
Fig. 4.5 Photos of some captive animals .......................................................... 136
Fig. 4.6 Photos of some free animals ............................................................... 137
Fig. 4.7 Defecation in riverbed ......................................................................... 140
Fig. 4.8 Man washing clothes in river .............................................................. 140
Fig. 4.9 Dead calf thrown in a riverbed during a lean season .......................... 141
Fig. 4.10 Urban discharge into Hooghly River, near Kolkata
(Calcutta), India .................................................................................. 142
Fig. 4.11 Disposal of solid waste in Hooghly River, Kolkata
(Calcutta), India .................................................................................. 142
Fig. 4.12 Water contamination by regular human activities in urban
setting .................................................................................................. 143
Fig. 4.13 Fecal matter is being managed and diverted into a natural lake,
which is being used to feed in fisheries .............................................. 143
Fig. 4.14 Land preparation for agricultural activity would loosen the
soil particles that would be air borne along with
agrochemicals fed to it ........................................................................ 144
Fig. 4.15 Poor road condition ............................................................................. 144
Fig. 4.16 Examples of industry near human settlements .................................... 145
Fig. 4.17 Mining ................................................................................................. 145
Fig. 4.18 Cooking ............................................................................................... 146
Fig. 4.19 Fuel combustion in vehicles ................................................................ 146
Fig. 4.20 Waste handling/combustion ................................................................ 147
Fig. 4.21 Material handling at construction site ................................................. 148
List of Figures
Fig. 3.1 Health and environment ........................................................................ 96
Fig. 3.2 Pristine natural environment ................................................................. 97
Fig. 3.3 Alteration of environment for human benefit ....................................... 98
Fig. 3.4 Urban settling with improper planning ................................................. 99
Fig. 3.5 Characteristics of living beings ............................................................. 99
Fig. 3.6 Illustration showing complex arrangement of chemicals that
makes an organism .............................................................................. 100
Fig. 3.7 Structure of a typical bacterium .......................................................... 104
Fig. 3.8 Chain of infection ............................................................................... 106
Fig. 3.9 A waste picker with insufficient personal protective equipment
exposing herself for direct transmission of infection .......................... 107
Fig. 3.10 Water overflowing due to accidental damage to water supply
line exposing public water supply to microbial contamination .......... 108
Fig. 3.11 Sylvatic disease cycle .......................................................................... 119
Fig. 3.12 Wildlife to domestic animal to human disease transmission .............. 120
Fig. 3.13 Vector transmitted urban/rural disease cycle ...................................... 122
Fig. 3.14 Paddy fields ......................................................................................... 123
Fig. 4.1 Different types of interaction among the organisms ........................... 133
Fig. 4.2 Food cycle ........................................................................................... 134
Fig. 4.3 Humans in the food web ..................................................................... 135
Fig. 4.4 Linking between biosphere and organisms ......................................... 135
Fig. 4.5 Photos of some captive animals .......................................................... 136
Fig. 4.6 Photos of some free animals ............................................................... 137
Fig. 4.7 Defecation in riverbed ......................................................................... 140
Fig. 4.8 Man washing clothes in river .............................................................. 140
Fig. 4.9 Dead calf thrown in a riverbed during a lean season .......................... 141
Fig. 4.10 Urban discharge into Hooghly River, near Kolkata
(Calcutta), India .................................................................................. 142
Fig. 4.11 Disposal of solid waste in Hooghly River, Kolkata
(Calcutta), India .................................................................................. 142
Fig. 4.12 Water contamination by regular human activities in urban
setting .................................................................................................. 143
Fig. 4.13 Fecal matter is being managed and diverted into a natural lake,
which is being used to feed in fisheries .............................................. 143
Fig. 4.14 Land preparation for agricultural activity would loosen the
soil particles that would be air borne along with
agrochemicals fed to it ........................................................................ 144
Fig. 4.15 Poor road condition ............................................................................. 144
Fig. 4.16 Examples of industry near human settlements .................................... 145
Fig. 4.17 Mining ................................................................................................. 145
Fig. 4.18 Cooking ............................................................................................... 146
Fig. 4.19 Fuel combustion in vehicles ................................................................ 146
Fig. 4.20 Waste handling/combustion ................................................................ 147
Fig. 4.21 Material handling at construction site ................................................. 148
List of Figures