xxii
Fig. 1.21 Water cycle ............................................................................................ 36
Fig. 1.22 Carbon cycle ......................................................................................... 37
Fig. 1.23 Nitrogen cycle ....................................................................................... 39
Fig. 1.24 Oxygen cycle ........................................................................................ 40
Fig. 1.25 Phosphorous cycle ................................................................................ 41
Fig. 1.26 Toxic cycle ............................................................................................ 42
Fig. 1.27 Common types of nuclear decay ........................................................... 43
Fig. 1.28 Nuclear transmutation reaction ............................................................. 44
Fig. 1.29 Neutron-induced nuclear fission ........................................................... 45
Fig. 2.1 Schematic diagram explaining Newton’s universal law
of gravitation ......................................................................................... 52
Fig. 2.2 Pictorial representation of polygon law of forces ................................. 53
Fig. 2.3 Illustration of compressive strain in solids ........................................... 57
Fig. 2.4 Illustration of shear strain ..................................................................... 57
Fig. 2.5 Schematic diagram for explaining surface tension in a fluid
droplet ................................................................................................... 59
Fig. 2.6 Line diagram of flow with varying cross-section .................................. 62
Fig. 2.7 Flow in partially filled conduit .............................................................. 62
Fig. 2.8 Flow in river around bodies .................................................................. 63
Fig. 2.9 Obstruction to free flow of storm water drains could result in
stagnation of water and becoming a mosquito- breeding place ............. 64
Fig. 2.10 Propagating light ray from a low refractive index medium
to one with a higher index ..................................................................... 69
Fig. 2.11 Illustration of critical angle ................................................................... 70
Fig. 2.12 Total internal reflection ......................................................................... 71
Fig. 2.13 Pictorial depiction of transmission, absorption, and reflection ............. 72
Fig. 2.14 Schematic diagram of specular and diffusive reflections ...................... 72
Fig. 2.15 Different views of a prism..................................................................... 72
Fig. 2.16 Line diagram of light passing through a prism ..................................... 73
Fig. 2.17 A simple convex lens ............................................................................ 74
Fig. 2.18 Line diagram showing the object between f and 2f ............................... 74
Fig. 2.19 Line diagram showing the object at f .................................................... 75
Fig. 2.20 Line diagram showing the object between f and o ................................ 75
Fig. 2.21 Line diagram showing the object at 2f .................................................. 76
Fig. 2.22 Line diagram showing the object beyond 2f ......................................... 76
Fig. 2.23 Line diagram showing the object at infinity.......................................... 77
Fig. 2.24 Chromatic dispersion in a prism ........................................................... 77
Fig. 2.25 Line diagram of incident ray and reflected ray ..................................... 78
Fig. 2.26 Line diagram of sound wave ................................................................. 80
Fig. 2.27 Line diagram explaining acoustics near field and far field ................... 80
Fig. 2.28 Transmission and distribution of electricity .......................................... 82
Fig. 2.29 The melting of snow is a thermodynamic process ................................ 86
Fig. 2.30 Water vapor from tank receiving hot water from a paper industry ....... 87
Fig. 2.31 Entropy of a solid < entropy of a liquid < entropy of a gas .................. 88
List of Figures