xxi
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Chemical substance refers to any form of matter that has
constant chemical composition of its constituent entities ....................... 4
Fig. 1.2 A typical reactor in an industry ............................................................... 8
Fig. 1.3 Waste dump and stack from which emissions occur.
Stoichiometric equations are often used by environmental
professionals for calculating emissions from such waste
dump and stack ....................................................................................... 9
Fig. 1.4 Leachates formed due to reaction among the chemicals
in the solid waste ..................................................................................... 9
Fig. 1.5 Oxidation occurs during combustion .................................................... 10
Fig. 1.6 Aeration of wastewater ......................................................................... 10
Fig. 1.7 pH values of various water and wastewater, and discharge
standards for treated wastewater ........................................................... 12
Fig. 1.8 Schematic depiction of Boyle’s law ...................................................... 13
Fig. 1.9 Schematic depiction of Charles’ law .................................................... 14
Fig. 1.10 Pictorial depiction of pressure law ........................................................ 15
Fig. 1.11 Pictorial depiction of Dalton’s law of partial pressure .......................... 16
Fig. 1.12 The volume of 1 mol of an ideal gas at standard temperature
and pressure is 22.41 L, the standard molar volume ............................. 19
Fig. 1.13 A typical reverse osmosis installation ................................................... 20
Fig. 1.14 The shiny greenish surface of the statue is formed by corrosion
of the copper of the statue, which forms a thin layer of
an insoluble compound that contains copper, sulfate,
and hydroxide ions ................................................................................ 22
Fig. 1.15 The corrosion process involves redox reaction in which
metallic iron is converted to reddish-brown Fe(OH) 3 ........................... 23
Fig. 1.16 Structure of carbon atom ....................................................................... 24
Fig. 1.17 Arrangement of atoms in methane ........................................................ 25
Fig. 1.18 Benzene structure .................................................................................. 26
Fig. 1.19 Different ways of representing the benzene structure ........................... 27
Fig. 1.20 Frothing in surface water streams due to detergents ............................. 30
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Chemical substance refers to any form of matter that has
constant chemical composition of its constituent entities ....................... 4
Fig. 1.2 A typical reactor in an industry ............................................................... 8
Fig. 1.3 Waste dump and stack from which emissions occur.
Stoichiometric equations are often used by environmental
professionals for calculating emissions from such waste
dump and stack ....................................................................................... 9
Fig. 1.4 Leachates formed due to reaction among the chemicals
in the solid waste ..................................................................................... 9
Fig. 1.5 Oxidation occurs during combustion .................................................... 10
Fig. 1.6 Aeration of wastewater ......................................................................... 10
Fig. 1.7 pH values of various water and wastewater, and discharge
standards for treated wastewater ........................................................... 12
Fig. 1.8 Schematic depiction of Boyle’s law ...................................................... 13
Fig. 1.9 Schematic depiction of Charles’ law .................................................... 14
Fig. 1.10 Pictorial depiction of pressure law ........................................................ 15
Fig. 1.11 Pictorial depiction of Dalton’s law of partial pressure .......................... 16
Fig. 1.12 The volume of 1 mol of an ideal gas at standard temperature
and pressure is 22.41 L, the standard molar volume ............................. 19
Fig. 1.13 A typical reverse osmosis installation ................................................... 20
Fig. 1.14 The shiny greenish surface of the statue is formed by corrosion
of the copper of the statue, which forms a thin layer of
an insoluble compound that contains copper, sulfate,
and hydroxide ions ................................................................................ 22
Fig. 1.15 The corrosion process involves redox reaction in which
metallic iron is converted to reddish-brown Fe(OH) 3 ........................... 23
Fig. 1.16 Structure of carbon atom ....................................................................... 24
Fig. 1.17 Arrangement of atoms in methane ........................................................ 25
Fig. 1.18 Benzene structure .................................................................................. 26
Fig. 1.19 Different ways of representing the benzene structure ........................... 27
Fig. 1.20 Frothing in surface water streams due to detergents ............................. 30