regular form type is more common in DKI Jakarta and South Tangerang City. In
South Tangerang City, real estate development has been carried out since the 1980s
(Winarso and Firman 2002; Firman 2004; Arai 2012), the result reflects this trend.
The high-rise type is also quite common in DKI Jakarta. This trend is probably due to
the construction boom of high-rise apartments in the city center resulting from a
reduction in the land available for urban development, the rise in land prices, and the
rise in traffic congestion from the suburbs to the city center. However, the proportion
of the high-rise type is still low, and low-rise housing dominates the Jakarta
metropolitan area. This is highly likely to be the reason why Jakarta is the second
least dense city among 18 megacities.
4.4.2 Origin of the Estimation of kampung in the Colonial
Period
We point out that the spatial structure of Jakarta designed during the colonial period
is one of the factors that determines the distribution of kampungs in the megacity.
The medium- to high-density kampungs in the city center grew rapidly due to the
post-war influx of population from the countryside. However, they were not necessarily newly formed during the post-war period. A report published by the National
Housing Authority in the late 1970s notes that the following two types of kampungs
existed within cities:
Kampung that underwent growth and development before independence.
Kampung that underwent growth and development after independence (Direktorat
Perumahan Rakyat 1978: 6; translation by the author).
3
The division used here is pre- and post-independence. The report means that new
kampungs were formed as a result of the post-independence influx of population,
whereas other kampungs that originated during the colonial period became more
densely populated than before as a result of the post-independence influx. Today,
kampung often refers to an informal settlement having a high population density.
However, the term kampung was also used in the colonial period, and it referred to a
settlement of indigenous peoples. The earlier kampungs differed from today’s innercity kampungs in that they had relatively low population densities and resembled
today’s rural type, even in urban centers. This report indicates that new houses were
built on the colonial kampungs due to the influx of population and increased their
population densities after independence.
However, the report does not clarify the ratio of the two types of
kampungs. Therefore, this section examines this ratio by comparing the current
distribution of urban village type and rural type with the land use during the colonial
3 Direktorat Perumahan Rakyat (1978) Pengenalan Masalah Pemukiman Kampung di Kota.
Direktorat Perumahan Rakyat, p. 6.
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K. Hayashi et al.
South Tangerang City, real estate development has been carried out since the 1980s
(Winarso and Firman 2002; Firman 2004; Arai 2012), the result reflects this trend.
The high-rise type is also quite common in DKI Jakarta. This trend is probably due to
the construction boom of high-rise apartments in the city center resulting from a
reduction in the land available for urban development, the rise in land prices, and the
rise in traffic congestion from the suburbs to the city center. However, the proportion
of the high-rise type is still low, and low-rise housing dominates the Jakarta
metropolitan area. This is highly likely to be the reason why Jakarta is the second
least dense city among 18 megacities.
4.4.2 Origin of the Estimation of kampung in the Colonial
Period
We point out that the spatial structure of Jakarta designed during the colonial period
is one of the factors that determines the distribution of kampungs in the megacity.
The medium- to high-density kampungs in the city center grew rapidly due to the
post-war influx of population from the countryside. However, they were not necessarily newly formed during the post-war period. A report published by the National
Housing Authority in the late 1970s notes that the following two types of kampungs
existed within cities:
Kampung that underwent growth and development before independence.
Kampung that underwent growth and development after independence (Direktorat
Perumahan Rakyat 1978: 6; translation by the author).
3
The division used here is pre- and post-independence. The report means that new
kampungs were formed as a result of the post-independence influx of population,
whereas other kampungs that originated during the colonial period became more
densely populated than before as a result of the post-independence influx. Today,
kampung often refers to an informal settlement having a high population density.
However, the term kampung was also used in the colonial period, and it referred to a
settlement of indigenous peoples. The earlier kampungs differed from today’s innercity kampungs in that they had relatively low population densities and resembled
today’s rural type, even in urban centers. This report indicates that new houses were
built on the colonial kampungs due to the influx of population and increased their
population densities after independence.
However, the report does not clarify the ratio of the two types of
kampungs. Therefore, this section examines this ratio by comparing the current
distribution of urban village type and rural type with the land use during the colonial
3 Direktorat Perumahan Rakyat (1978) Pengenalan Masalah Pemukiman Kampung di Kota.
Direktorat Perumahan Rakyat, p. 6.
58
K. Hayashi et al.