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49. Ju, X.T., Kou, C.L., Zhang, F.S., Christie, P.: Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate
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50. Keeney, D., Sahrawat, K.: Nitrogen transformations in flooded rice soils. Fertil. Res. 9, 15–38
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51. Khalil, M.I., Rahman, M.S., Schmidhalter, U., Olfs, H.-W.: Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh. J. Plant Nutrit. Soil
Sci. 170, 210–218 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200520534
52. Kim, K.S., et al.: Effects of long-term fertilization on light and heavy fractions of soil organic
matter in single cropping paddy soils in Korea Korean. J. Soil Sci. Fertil. 51, 616–625 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2018.51.4.616
53. Kim, Y., Liesack, W.: Differential Assemblage of Functional Units in Paddy Soil. Microbiomes
Plos One 10, e0122221 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122221
54. Kimani, S.M. et al.: Azolla cover significantly decreased CH4 but not N 2 O emissions from flooding rice paddy to atmosphere. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 64, 68–76 (2018).
10.1080/00380768.2017.1399775
55. Könneke, M., Bernhard, A.E., de la Torre, J.R., Walker, C.B., Waterbury, J.B., Stahl, D.A.:
Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon. Nature 437, 543–546 (2005).
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03911
56. Kumar, J., De, N., Meena, R., Sharma, P., Pradhan, A., Chari, G.R.: Long term fertilizer
management effect on nutrient dynamics in rainfed rice-lentil system in transect 4 of indogangetic plain. Int. J. Plant Soil Sci. 26, 1–10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2018/v26
i630057
57. Kuypers, M.M.M., Marchant, H.K., Kartal, B.: The microbial nitrogen-cycling network. Nat.
Rev. Microbiol. 16, 263 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9
58. Ladha, J.K., Reddy, P.M.: Nitrogen fixation in rice systems: state of knowledge and future
prospects. Plant Soil 252, 151–167 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024175307238
59. Li, H.Y., et al.: The chemo diversity of paddy soil dissolved organic matter correlates with
microbial community at continental scales. Microbiome 6, 187 (2018). https://doi.org/10.
1186/s40168-018-0561-x
60. Liu, T., Wang, Z., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Wright, A.L., Jiang, X.: Responses of ammoniaoxidizers and comammox to different long-term fertilization regimes in a subtropical paddy
soil. Euro. J. Soil Biol. 93, 103087 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2019.103087
61. Liu, Y., et al.: Initial utilization of rhizodeposits with rice growth in paddy soils: rhizosphere
and N fertilization effects. Geoderma 338, 30–39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.
2018.11.040
62. Lohan, S.K., et al.: Burning issues of paddy residue management in north-west states of India.
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 81, 693–706 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.057
63. Lu, Y., Abraham, W.R., Conrad, R.: Spatial variation of active microbiota in the rice rhizosphere revealed by in situ stable isotope probing of phospholipid fatty acids. Environ.
Microbiol. 9, 474–481 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01164.x
64. Ma, J., Li, X.L., Xu, H., Han, Y., Cai, Z.C., Yagi, K.: Effects of nitrogen fertiliser and wheat
straw application on CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from a paddy rice field. Soil Res. 45:359–367
(2007). https://doi.org/10.1071/SR07039
S. Ambreetha et al.
46. Jiang, Z., Zhong, Y., Yang, J., Wu, Y., Li, H., Zheng, L.: Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates on
carbon footprint and ecosystem service of carbon sequestration in rice production. Sci. Total
Environ. 670, 210–217 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.188
47. Jiao, S., Xu, Y., Zhang, J., Hao, X., Lu, Y.: Core microbiota in agricultural soils and their
potential associations with nutrient cycling. mSystems 4, e00313-00318 (2019). https://doi.
org/10.1128/mSystems.00313-18
48. Ju, X.T., et al.: Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive
Chinese agricultural systems. PNAS 106, 3041–3046 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
0813417106
49. Ju, X.T., Kou, C.L., Zhang, F.S., Christie, P.: Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate
contamination: comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain.
Environ. Pollut. 143, 117–125 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.005
50. Keeney, D., Sahrawat, K.: Nitrogen transformations in flooded rice soils. Fertil. Res. 9, 15–38
(1986)
51. Khalil, M.I., Rahman, M.S., Schmidhalter, U., Olfs, H.-W.: Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh. J. Plant Nutrit. Soil
Sci. 170, 210–218 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200520534
52. Kim, K.S., et al.: Effects of long-term fertilization on light and heavy fractions of soil organic
matter in single cropping paddy soils in Korea Korean. J. Soil Sci. Fertil. 51, 616–625 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2018.51.4.616
53. Kim, Y., Liesack, W.: Differential Assemblage of Functional Units in Paddy Soil. Microbiomes
Plos One 10, e0122221 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122221
54. Kimani, S.M. et al.: Azolla cover significantly decreased CH4 but not N 2 O emissions from flooding rice paddy to atmosphere. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 64, 68–76 (2018).
10.1080/00380768.2017.1399775
55. Könneke, M., Bernhard, A.E., de la Torre, J.R., Walker, C.B., Waterbury, J.B., Stahl, D.A.:
Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon. Nature 437, 543–546 (2005).
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03911
56. Kumar, J., De, N., Meena, R., Sharma, P., Pradhan, A., Chari, G.R.: Long term fertilizer
management effect on nutrient dynamics in rainfed rice-lentil system in transect 4 of indogangetic plain. Int. J. Plant Soil Sci. 26, 1–10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2018/v26
i630057
57. Kuypers, M.M.M., Marchant, H.K., Kartal, B.: The microbial nitrogen-cycling network. Nat.
Rev. Microbiol. 16, 263 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9
58. Ladha, J.K., Reddy, P.M.: Nitrogen fixation in rice systems: state of knowledge and future
prospects. Plant Soil 252, 151–167 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024175307238
59. Li, H.Y., et al.: The chemo diversity of paddy soil dissolved organic matter correlates with
microbial community at continental scales. Microbiome 6, 187 (2018). https://doi.org/10.
1186/s40168-018-0561-x
60. Liu, T., Wang, Z., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Wright, A.L., Jiang, X.: Responses of ammoniaoxidizers and comammox to different long-term fertilization regimes in a subtropical paddy
soil. Euro. J. Soil Biol. 93, 103087 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2019.103087
61. Liu, Y., et al.: Initial utilization of rhizodeposits with rice growth in paddy soils: rhizosphere
and N fertilization effects. Geoderma 338, 30–39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.
2018.11.040
62. Lohan, S.K., et al.: Burning issues of paddy residue management in north-west states of India.
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 81, 693–706 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.057
63. Lu, Y., Abraham, W.R., Conrad, R.: Spatial variation of active microbiota in the rice rhizosphere revealed by in situ stable isotope probing of phospholipid fatty acids. Environ.
Microbiol. 9, 474–481 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01164.x
64. Ma, J., Li, X.L., Xu, H., Han, Y., Cai, Z.C., Yagi, K.: Effects of nitrogen fertiliser and wheat
straw application on CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from a paddy rice field. Soil Res. 45:359–367
(2007). https://doi.org/10.1071/SR07039