Synthetic Biology and the Possibilities in Achieving a Plant …
121
wastewater salt content, the composition of the organic N substituted input, as well
as qualitatively and quantitatively nitrate formation and reduction (Fig. 3; [36, 45,
113, 121]).
3 The potential of Synthetic Biology for efficient Nitrogen
Recycling
3.1 Synthetic Biology Definition
Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field of science. Its aim is to design organisms with novel properties and metabolic pathways under use of genome-wide association studies and statistic Big Data analysis [1, 33, 37, 44, 108]. Microorganisms
engineering has the advantage that useful bio-reagents can be more easily produced
in a sustainable manner for human daily life. Additionally, it can be used to replace
immense resources requiring techniques as technical N 2 fixing [23, 70] or to improve
industrial and chemical processes in medicine, agriculture, and food processing [72].
Synthetic biology combines molecular biology and engineering along with predicting
computational models. Thereby, modular DNA parts, regulatory DNA and RNA
elements and coding sequences for proteins or terminators are used to create or optimize new biological systems [29, 60]. The acquisition of new properties does not
just happen in the laboratory, but also in nature via horizontally transferred genes
enabling organisms to adapt by outcompeting selection processes in distinct habitats.
New denitrification properties enable a more efficient reduction of nitrate to N 2 by
achieving a high energy output (see Sects. 4.3 and 6). The directed insertion of genes
by means of synthetic biology may lead to an accelerating in achieving desired
breeding successes with new properties. Within methods of molecular cloning as
Golden Gate Assembly, it is possible to fuse several genes at one time and interconnect modular components for the creation of metabolic pathways as optimized
denitrification [60, 68].
Particularly in cities with an increasing population and in areas with industrial
livestock farming, huge amounts of wastewaters, sewage sludge, and animal manure
are produced that generate high amounts of damaging greenhouse gases as N 2 O and
CH 4 [99, 105]. Thus, for advancing in knowledge concerning nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria and archaea, which in cooperation carry out a complete conversion
of biologically and technically produced NH 3 into N 2 , newly constructed microbes
with surviving capabilities under competition by synthetic biology techniques can
help solving inter alia the N 2 O problem [16, 24, 73, 78, 81, 84, 119, 126]. Prominent representatives in solving the N 2 O issue are N 2 producing bacteria as Paracoccus stutzeri or Paracoccus denitrificans and a decreased metabolism especially of
autotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria and archaea at WWTP temperatures
as low as 4 °C will pose a problem in growth efficacy and slow matter degradation
[21, 51, 121]. It was observed by Yao et al. [121] in batch tests that some bacterial and archaeal strains are better adapted on varying temperatures in wastewaters
121
wastewater salt content, the composition of the organic N substituted input, as well
as qualitatively and quantitatively nitrate formation and reduction (Fig. 3; [36, 45,
113, 121]).
3 The potential of Synthetic Biology for efficient Nitrogen
Recycling
3.1 Synthetic Biology Definition
Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field of science. Its aim is to design organisms with novel properties and metabolic pathways under use of genome-wide association studies and statistic Big Data analysis [1, 33, 37, 44, 108]. Microorganisms
engineering has the advantage that useful bio-reagents can be more easily produced
in a sustainable manner for human daily life. Additionally, it can be used to replace
immense resources requiring techniques as technical N 2 fixing [23, 70] or to improve
industrial and chemical processes in medicine, agriculture, and food processing [72].
Synthetic biology combines molecular biology and engineering along with predicting
computational models. Thereby, modular DNA parts, regulatory DNA and RNA
elements and coding sequences for proteins or terminators are used to create or optimize new biological systems [29, 60]. The acquisition of new properties does not
just happen in the laboratory, but also in nature via horizontally transferred genes
enabling organisms to adapt by outcompeting selection processes in distinct habitats.
New denitrification properties enable a more efficient reduction of nitrate to N 2 by
achieving a high energy output (see Sects. 4.3 and 6). The directed insertion of genes
by means of synthetic biology may lead to an accelerating in achieving desired
breeding successes with new properties. Within methods of molecular cloning as
Golden Gate Assembly, it is possible to fuse several genes at one time and interconnect modular components for the creation of metabolic pathways as optimized
denitrification [60, 68].
Particularly in cities with an increasing population and in areas with industrial
livestock farming, huge amounts of wastewaters, sewage sludge, and animal manure
are produced that generate high amounts of damaging greenhouse gases as N 2 O and
CH 4 [99, 105]. Thus, for advancing in knowledge concerning nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria and archaea, which in cooperation carry out a complete conversion
of biologically and technically produced NH 3 into N 2 , newly constructed microbes
with surviving capabilities under competition by synthetic biology techniques can
help solving inter alia the N 2 O problem [16, 24, 73, 78, 81, 84, 119, 126]. Prominent representatives in solving the N 2 O issue are N 2 producing bacteria as Paracoccus stutzeri or Paracoccus denitrificans and a decreased metabolism especially of
autotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria and archaea at WWTP temperatures
as low as 4 °C will pose a problem in growth efficacy and slow matter degradation
[21, 51, 121]. It was observed by Yao et al. [121] in batch tests that some bacterial and archaeal strains are better adapted on varying temperatures in wastewaters