Collard, F.-X., Blin, J., Bensakhria, A., & Valette, J. (2012). Influence
of impregnated metal on the pyrolysis conversion of biomass
constituents. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 95, 213–
226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.02.009.
Cortright, R. D., Davda, R. R., & Dumesic, J. A. (2002). Hydrogen
from catalytic reforming of biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid
water. Nature, 418, 964–967. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01009.
Demirbas, M. F. (2009). Biorefineries for biofuel upgrading: A critical
review. Applied Energy, 86, S151–S161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apenergy.2009.04.043.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages,
J. (2016a). Energy valorisation of food processing residues and
model compounds by hydrothermal liquefaction. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1632–1652. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.rser.2015.10.017.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages,
J. (2016). Bio-oil production from food processing residues:
Improving the bio-oil yield and quality by aqueous phase recycle
in hydrothermal liquefaction of blackcurrant (Ribes Nigrum l.)
Pomace. Energy and Fuels, 30(6), 4895–4904. https://doi.org/10.
1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00441.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages,
J. (2017). Modelling and predictive study of hydrothermal liquefaction: Application to food processing residues. Waste Biomass
Valorizat, 8:2087–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9726-7.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages,
J. (2017). Hydrothermal liquefaction of blackcurrant pomace and
model molecules: understanding of reaction mechanisms. Sustain
Energy Fuels, 1, 555–82. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SE00065G.
Elliott, D. C. (2011). Hydrothermal processing, thermochemical
processing of biomass: conversion into fuels. In R. C. Brown
(Ed.), Chemicals and power (pp. 200–231). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Elliott, D. C., Biller, P., Ross, A. B., Schmidt, A. J., & Jones, S. B.
(2015). Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: Developments from
batch to continuous process. Bioresource Technology, 178, 147–
156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.13.
Erkonak, H., Sogut, O. O., & Akgun, M. (2008). Treatment of olive
mill wastewater by supercritical water oxidation. Journal of
Supercritical Fluids, 46, 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.
2008.04.006.
Fernando, S., Adhikari, S., Chandrapal, C., & Murali, N. (2006).
Biorefineries: current status, challenges, and future direction.
Energy & Fuels, 20, 1727–1737. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef060097w.
FitzPatrick, M., Champagne, P., Cunningham, M. F., & Whitney, R. A.
(2010). A biorefinery processing perspective: Treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products.
Bioresource Technology, 101, 8915–8922. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.biortech.2010.06.125.
Franck, E. U. (1987). Chem Thermodynamics Fluids at High Pressures
and Temperatures, 19, 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614
(87)90130-3.
Funke, A., & Ziegler, F. (2010). Hydrothermal carbonization of
biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for
process engineering. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref, 4, 160–177. https://
doi.org/10.1002/bbb.
Fytili, D., & Zabaniotou, A. (2008). Utilization of sewage sludge in EU
application of old and new methods-A review. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), 116–140. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.rser.2006.05.014.
Gai, C., Li, Y., Peng, N., Fan, A., & Liu, Z. (2015a). Co-liquefaction of
microalgae and lignocellulosic biomass in subcritical water. Bioresource Technology, 185, 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2015.03.015.
Gai, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, W.-T., Zhang, P., & Dong, Y. (2015b). An
investigation of reaction pathways of hydrothermal liquefaction
using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina platensis. Energy
Conversion and Management, 96, 330–339. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.enconman.2015.02.056.
Gai, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, W. T., Zhou, Y., Schideman, L., Zhang, P.,
et al. (2015c). Characterization of aqueous phase from the
hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Bioresource
Technology, 184, 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.
10.118.
Gao, Y., Chen, H., Wang, J., Shi, T., Yang, H., & Wang, X. (2011).
Characterization of products from hydrothermal liquefaction and
carbonation of biomass model compounds and real biomass. The
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 39, 893–900. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(12)60001-2.
Garrote, G., Dominguez, H., & Parajo, J. C. (1999). Hydrothermal
processing of lignocellulosic materials. European Journal of Wood
and Wood Products, 57, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s001070050039.
Grigoras, I. F., Stroe, R. E., Sintamarean, I. M., & Rosendahl, L. A.
(2017). Effect of biomass pretreatment on the product distribution
and composition resulting from the hydrothermal liquefaction of
short rotation coppice willow. Bioresource Technology, 231, 116–
123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.056.
Hasegawa, I., Inoue, Y., Muranaka, Y., Yasukawa, T., & Mae, K.
(2011). Selective production of organic acids and depolymerization
of lignin by hydrothermal oxidation with diluted hydrogen peroxide. Energy & Fuels, 252, 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef101477d.
Hietala, D. C., Faeth, J. L., & Savage, P. E. (2016). A quantitative
kinetic model for the fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction
of Nannochloropsis sp. Bioresource Technology, 214, 102–111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.067.
Hietala, D. C., Koss, C. K., Narwani, A., Lashaway, A. R., Godwin, C.
M., Cardinale, B. J., et al. (2017). Influence of biodiversity,
biochemical composition, and species identity on the quality of
biomass and biocrude oil produced via hydrothermal liquefaction.
Algal Research, 26, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.
07.020.
Hollak, S. A. W., Ariëns, M. A., de Jong, K. P., & van Es, D. S. (2014).
Hydrothermal deoxygenation of triglycerides over Pd/C aided by
in situ hydrogen production from glycerol reforming. Chemsuschem, 7, 1057–1060. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201301145.
Horne, P. A., & Williams, P. T. (1995). The effect of zeolite ZSM-5
catalyst deactivation during the upgrading of biomass-derived
pyrolysis vapours. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 34, 65–85. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0165-2370(94)00875-2.
Hu, Y., Feng, S., Yuan, Z., Xu, C., & Bassi, A. (2017). Investigation of
aqueous phase recycling for improving bio-crude oil yield in
hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. Bioresource Technology, 239,
151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.033.
Jin, F., Zhou, Z., Enomoto, H., Moriya, T., & Higashijima, H. (2004).
Conversion mechanism of cellulosic biomass to lactic acid in
subcritical water and acid–base catalytic effect of subcritical water.
Chemistry Letters, 33, 126–127. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2004.
126.
Jin, F., Zeng, X., Jing, Z., & Enomoto, H. (2012). A potentially useful
technology by mimicking nature-rapid conversion of biomass and
CO 2 into chemicals and fuels under hydrothermal conditions.
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 51, 9921–9937.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202721q.
Jindal, M., & Jha, M. (2016). Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of
waste furniture sawdust to bio-oil. Indian Chemical Engineer, 58,
157–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2015.1006145.
Green and Sustainable Biomass Processing for Fuels and Chemicals
41
of impregnated metal on the pyrolysis conversion of biomass
constituents. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 95, 213–
226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.02.009.
Cortright, R. D., Davda, R. R., & Dumesic, J. A. (2002). Hydrogen
from catalytic reforming of biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid
water. Nature, 418, 964–967. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01009.
Demirbas, M. F. (2009). Biorefineries for biofuel upgrading: A critical
review. Applied Energy, 86, S151–S161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apenergy.2009.04.043.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages,
J. (2016a). Energy valorisation of food processing residues and
model compounds by hydrothermal liquefaction. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1632–1652. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.rser.2015.10.017.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages,
J. (2016). Bio-oil production from food processing residues:
Improving the bio-oil yield and quality by aqueous phase recycle
in hydrothermal liquefaction of blackcurrant (Ribes Nigrum l.)
Pomace. Energy and Fuels, 30(6), 4895–4904. https://doi.org/10.
1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00441.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages,
J. (2017). Modelling and predictive study of hydrothermal liquefaction: Application to food processing residues. Waste Biomass
Valorizat, 8:2087–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9726-7.
Déniel, M., Haarlemmer, G., Roubaud, A., Weiss-Hortala, E., & Fages,
J. (2017). Hydrothermal liquefaction of blackcurrant pomace and
model molecules: understanding of reaction mechanisms. Sustain
Energy Fuels, 1, 555–82. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SE00065G.
Elliott, D. C. (2011). Hydrothermal processing, thermochemical
processing of biomass: conversion into fuels. In R. C. Brown
(Ed.), Chemicals and power (pp. 200–231). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Elliott, D. C., Biller, P., Ross, A. B., Schmidt, A. J., & Jones, S. B.
(2015). Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: Developments from
batch to continuous process. Bioresource Technology, 178, 147–
156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.13.
Erkonak, H., Sogut, O. O., & Akgun, M. (2008). Treatment of olive
mill wastewater by supercritical water oxidation. Journal of
Supercritical Fluids, 46, 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.
2008.04.006.
Fernando, S., Adhikari, S., Chandrapal, C., & Murali, N. (2006).
Biorefineries: current status, challenges, and future direction.
Energy & Fuels, 20, 1727–1737. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef060097w.
FitzPatrick, M., Champagne, P., Cunningham, M. F., & Whitney, R. A.
(2010). A biorefinery processing perspective: Treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products.
Bioresource Technology, 101, 8915–8922. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.biortech.2010.06.125.
Franck, E. U. (1987). Chem Thermodynamics Fluids at High Pressures
and Temperatures, 19, 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614
(87)90130-3.
Funke, A., & Ziegler, F. (2010). Hydrothermal carbonization of
biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for
process engineering. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref, 4, 160–177. https://
doi.org/10.1002/bbb.
Fytili, D., & Zabaniotou, A. (2008). Utilization of sewage sludge in EU
application of old and new methods-A review. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), 116–140. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.rser.2006.05.014.
Gai, C., Li, Y., Peng, N., Fan, A., & Liu, Z. (2015a). Co-liquefaction of
microalgae and lignocellulosic biomass in subcritical water. Bioresource Technology, 185, 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2015.03.015.
Gai, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, W.-T., Zhang, P., & Dong, Y. (2015b). An
investigation of reaction pathways of hydrothermal liquefaction
using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina platensis. Energy
Conversion and Management, 96, 330–339. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.enconman.2015.02.056.
Gai, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, W. T., Zhou, Y., Schideman, L., Zhang, P.,
et al. (2015c). Characterization of aqueous phase from the
hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Bioresource
Technology, 184, 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.
10.118.
Gao, Y., Chen, H., Wang, J., Shi, T., Yang, H., & Wang, X. (2011).
Characterization of products from hydrothermal liquefaction and
carbonation of biomass model compounds and real biomass. The
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 39, 893–900. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(12)60001-2.
Garrote, G., Dominguez, H., & Parajo, J. C. (1999). Hydrothermal
processing of lignocellulosic materials. European Journal of Wood
and Wood Products, 57, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s001070050039.
Grigoras, I. F., Stroe, R. E., Sintamarean, I. M., & Rosendahl, L. A.
(2017). Effect of biomass pretreatment on the product distribution
and composition resulting from the hydrothermal liquefaction of
short rotation coppice willow. Bioresource Technology, 231, 116–
123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.056.
Hasegawa, I., Inoue, Y., Muranaka, Y., Yasukawa, T., & Mae, K.
(2011). Selective production of organic acids and depolymerization
of lignin by hydrothermal oxidation with diluted hydrogen peroxide. Energy & Fuels, 252, 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef101477d.
Hietala, D. C., Faeth, J. L., & Savage, P. E. (2016). A quantitative
kinetic model for the fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction
of Nannochloropsis sp. Bioresource Technology, 214, 102–111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.067.
Hietala, D. C., Koss, C. K., Narwani, A., Lashaway, A. R., Godwin, C.
M., Cardinale, B. J., et al. (2017). Influence of biodiversity,
biochemical composition, and species identity on the quality of
biomass and biocrude oil produced via hydrothermal liquefaction.
Algal Research, 26, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.
07.020.
Hollak, S. A. W., Ariëns, M. A., de Jong, K. P., & van Es, D. S. (2014).
Hydrothermal deoxygenation of triglycerides over Pd/C aided by
in situ hydrogen production from glycerol reforming. Chemsuschem, 7, 1057–1060. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201301145.
Horne, P. A., & Williams, P. T. (1995). The effect of zeolite ZSM-5
catalyst deactivation during the upgrading of biomass-derived
pyrolysis vapours. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 34, 65–85. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0165-2370(94)00875-2.
Hu, Y., Feng, S., Yuan, Z., Xu, C., & Bassi, A. (2017). Investigation of
aqueous phase recycling for improving bio-crude oil yield in
hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. Bioresource Technology, 239,
151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.033.
Jin, F., Zhou, Z., Enomoto, H., Moriya, T., & Higashijima, H. (2004).
Conversion mechanism of cellulosic biomass to lactic acid in
subcritical water and acid–base catalytic effect of subcritical water.
Chemistry Letters, 33, 126–127. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2004.
126.
Jin, F., Zeng, X., Jing, Z., & Enomoto, H. (2012). A potentially useful
technology by mimicking nature-rapid conversion of biomass and
CO 2 into chemicals and fuels under hydrothermal conditions.
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 51, 9921–9937.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202721q.
Jindal, M., & Jha, M. (2016). Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of
waste furniture sawdust to bio-oil. Indian Chemical Engineer, 58,
157–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2015.1006145.
Green and Sustainable Biomass Processing for Fuels and Chemicals
41