5 Conclusions
Hydrothermal liquefaction is a green and sustainable technology for transformation of waste biomass from biological
processes, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal
organic waste materials to biofuels and valuable commodity
chemicals. The utilization of organic biomass wastes, agricultural and forest residue could be an important substitute
renewable energy and chemical source. Both sub- and
supercritical techniques employ water as a sustainable and
green solvent for biomass processing under high pressure and
temperature conditions and it is important from environmental and economic point of view that worldwide waste
biomass is evaluated as precursors for biofuels and commodity chemicals. Supercritical water, being a single-phase
component, acts as sustainable medium for dissolving a
variety of substances and organic wastes for chemical synthesis and production of bio-oil. Furthermore, recirculation of
aqueous phase obtained during hydrothermal liquefaction
process improves the yield of organic chemical compounds
and hydrocarbons in the bio-crude oil. Nevertheless, future of
synthesis of chemicals and biofuels from the organic waste
materials employing sub- and supercritical water treatment
technologies is promising, which can lead to low production
cost, high yield, high efficiency and quality products.
References
Abdelmoez, W., Nage, S. M., Bastawess, A., Ihab, A., & Yoshida, H.
(2014). Subcritical water technology for wheat straw hydrolysis to
produce value added products. Journal of Cleaner Production, 70,
68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.011.
Alonso, D. M., Bond, J. Q., & Dumesic, J. A. (2010). Catalytic
conversion of biomass to biofuels. Green Chemistry, 12, 1493–
1513. https://doi.org/10.1039/C004654J.
Antal, M. J., Jr., Mok, W. S. L., & Richards, G. N. (1990). Mechanism
of formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde from D-fructose
and sucrose. Carbohydrate Research, 199, 91–109. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0008-6215(90)84096-D.
Arturi, K. R., Kucheryavskiy, S., & Søgaard, E. G. (2016). Performance of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass by multivariate data analysis. Fuel Processing Technology, 150, 94–103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.05.007.
Awaluddin, S. A., Thiruvenkadam, S., Izhar, S., Hiroyuki, Y.,
Danquah, M. K., & Harun, R. (2016) Subcritical water technology
for enhanced extraction of biochemical compounds from Chlorella
vulgaris. BioMed Research International, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.
1155/2016/5816974.
Besson, M., Gallezot, P., & Pinel, C. (2014). Conversion of biomass
into chemicals over metal catalysts. Chemical Reviews, 114, 1827–
1870. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr4002269.
Biller, P., & Ross, A. B. (2011). Potential yields and properties of oil
from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different
biochemical content. Bioresource Technology, 102, 215–225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028.
Biller, P., Madsen, R. B., Klemmer, M., Becker, J., Iversen, B. B., &
Glasius, M. (2016). Effect of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous
phase recycling on bio-crude yields and composition. Bioresource
Technology, 220, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.
08.053.
Binder, J. B., Cefali, A. V., Blank, J. J., & Raines, R. T. (2010).
Mechanistic insights on the conversion of sugars into
5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Energy & Environmental Science, 3,
765–771. https://doi.org/10.1039/b923961h.
Bobleter, O. (1994). Hydrothermal degradation of polymers derived
from plants. Progress in Polymer Science, 19, 797–841. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0079-6700(94)90033-7.
Bond, J. Q., Alonso, D. M., Wang, D., West, R. M., & Dumesic, J. A.
(2010). Integrated catalytic conversion of gamma-valerolactone to
liquid alkenes for transportation fuels. Science, 327, 1110–1114.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184362.
Bonn, G., & Bobleter, O. (1983). Determination of the hydrothermal
degradation products of D-(U-14C) glucose and D-(U-14C) fructose
by TLC. The Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,
79, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02518929.
Brunner, G. (2009a). Near and supercritical water. Part II: oxidative
processes. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 47, 382–390. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.001.
Brunner, G. (2009b). Near critical and supercriticalwater. Part I.
Hydrolytic and hydrothermal processes. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 47, 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.
002.
Bubalo, M. C., Vidović, S., Redovniković, I. R., & Jokić, S. (2015).
Green solvents for green technologies. Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology, 90, 1631–1639. https://doi.org/10.
1002/jctb.4668.
Budrat, P., & Shotipruk, A. (2009). Enhanced recovery of phenolic
compounds from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) by subcritical
water extraction. Separation and Purification Technology, 66, 125–
129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.11.014.
Chan, Y. H., Yusup, S., Quitain, A. T., Uemura, Y., & Sasaki, M.
(2014). Bio-oil production from oil palm biomass via subcritical and
supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 95, 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2014.10.
014.
Chandler, K., Deng, F., Dillow, A. K., Liotta, C. L., & Eckert, C. A.
(1997). Alkylation reactions in near-critical water in the absence of
acid catalysts. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 36,
5175–5179. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9702688.
Chen, W.-T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, G., Schideman, L. C., Zhang,
P., et al. (2014). Hydrothermal liquefaction of mixed-culture algal
biomass from wastewater treatment system into bio-crude oil.
Bioresource Technology, 152, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2013.10.111.
Cheng, L., & Ye, X. P. (2014). Recent progress in converting biomass
to biofuels and renewable chemicals in sub- or supercritical water.
Biofuels, 1, 109–128. https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.09.3.
Cherad, R., Onwudili, J. A., Biller, P., Williams, P. T., & Ross, A. B.
(2016). Hydrogen production from the catalytic supercritical water
gasification of process water generated from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Fuel, 166, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
fuel.2015.10.088.
Chornet, E., & Overend, R. P. (1985). Biomass liquefaction: an
overview, Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion,
Springer pp. 967–1002.
Cocero, M., Alonso, E., Sanz, M., & Fdz-Polanco, F. (2002).
Supercritical water oxidation process under energetically
self-sufficient operation. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 24, 37–
46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-8446(02)00011-6.
40
K. Sharma et al.
Hydrothermal liquefaction is a green and sustainable technology for transformation of waste biomass from biological
processes, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal
organic waste materials to biofuels and valuable commodity
chemicals. The utilization of organic biomass wastes, agricultural and forest residue could be an important substitute
renewable energy and chemical source. Both sub- and
supercritical techniques employ water as a sustainable and
green solvent for biomass processing under high pressure and
temperature conditions and it is important from environmental and economic point of view that worldwide waste
biomass is evaluated as precursors for biofuels and commodity chemicals. Supercritical water, being a single-phase
component, acts as sustainable medium for dissolving a
variety of substances and organic wastes for chemical synthesis and production of bio-oil. Furthermore, recirculation of
aqueous phase obtained during hydrothermal liquefaction
process improves the yield of organic chemical compounds
and hydrocarbons in the bio-crude oil. Nevertheless, future of
synthesis of chemicals and biofuels from the organic waste
materials employing sub- and supercritical water treatment
technologies is promising, which can lead to low production
cost, high yield, high efficiency and quality products.
References
Abdelmoez, W., Nage, S. M., Bastawess, A., Ihab, A., & Yoshida, H.
(2014). Subcritical water technology for wheat straw hydrolysis to
produce value added products. Journal of Cleaner Production, 70,
68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.011.
Alonso, D. M., Bond, J. Q., & Dumesic, J. A. (2010). Catalytic
conversion of biomass to biofuels. Green Chemistry, 12, 1493–
1513. https://doi.org/10.1039/C004654J.
Antal, M. J., Jr., Mok, W. S. L., & Richards, G. N. (1990). Mechanism
of formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde from D-fructose
and sucrose. Carbohydrate Research, 199, 91–109. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0008-6215(90)84096-D.
Arturi, K. R., Kucheryavskiy, S., & Søgaard, E. G. (2016). Performance of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass by multivariate data analysis. Fuel Processing Technology, 150, 94–103.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.05.007.
Awaluddin, S. A., Thiruvenkadam, S., Izhar, S., Hiroyuki, Y.,
Danquah, M. K., & Harun, R. (2016) Subcritical water technology
for enhanced extraction of biochemical compounds from Chlorella
vulgaris. BioMed Research International, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.
1155/2016/5816974.
Besson, M., Gallezot, P., & Pinel, C. (2014). Conversion of biomass
into chemicals over metal catalysts. Chemical Reviews, 114, 1827–
1870. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr4002269.
Biller, P., & Ross, A. B. (2011). Potential yields and properties of oil
from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different
biochemical content. Bioresource Technology, 102, 215–225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028.
Biller, P., Madsen, R. B., Klemmer, M., Becker, J., Iversen, B. B., &
Glasius, M. (2016). Effect of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous
phase recycling on bio-crude yields and composition. Bioresource
Technology, 220, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.
08.053.
Binder, J. B., Cefali, A. V., Blank, J. J., & Raines, R. T. (2010).
Mechanistic insights on the conversion of sugars into
5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Energy & Environmental Science, 3,
765–771. https://doi.org/10.1039/b923961h.
Bobleter, O. (1994). Hydrothermal degradation of polymers derived
from plants. Progress in Polymer Science, 19, 797–841. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0079-6700(94)90033-7.
Bond, J. Q., Alonso, D. M., Wang, D., West, R. M., & Dumesic, J. A.
(2010). Integrated catalytic conversion of gamma-valerolactone to
liquid alkenes for transportation fuels. Science, 327, 1110–1114.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184362.
Bonn, G., & Bobleter, O. (1983). Determination of the hydrothermal
degradation products of D-(U-14C) glucose and D-(U-14C) fructose
by TLC. The Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,
79, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02518929.
Brunner, G. (2009a). Near and supercritical water. Part II: oxidative
processes. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 47, 382–390. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.001.
Brunner, G. (2009b). Near critical and supercriticalwater. Part I.
Hydrolytic and hydrothermal processes. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 47, 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.
002.
Bubalo, M. C., Vidović, S., Redovniković, I. R., & Jokić, S. (2015).
Green solvents for green technologies. Journal of Chemical
Technology and Biotechnology, 90, 1631–1639. https://doi.org/10.
1002/jctb.4668.
Budrat, P., & Shotipruk, A. (2009). Enhanced recovery of phenolic
compounds from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) by subcritical
water extraction. Separation and Purification Technology, 66, 125–
129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.11.014.
Chan, Y. H., Yusup, S., Quitain, A. T., Uemura, Y., & Sasaki, M.
(2014). Bio-oil production from oil palm biomass via subcritical and
supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 95, 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2014.10.
014.
Chandler, K., Deng, F., Dillow, A. K., Liotta, C. L., & Eckert, C. A.
(1997). Alkylation reactions in near-critical water in the absence of
acid catalysts. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 36,
5175–5179. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9702688.
Chen, W.-T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, G., Schideman, L. C., Zhang,
P., et al. (2014). Hydrothermal liquefaction of mixed-culture algal
biomass from wastewater treatment system into bio-crude oil.
Bioresource Technology, 152, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2013.10.111.
Cheng, L., & Ye, X. P. (2014). Recent progress in converting biomass
to biofuels and renewable chemicals in sub- or supercritical water.
Biofuels, 1, 109–128. https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.09.3.
Cherad, R., Onwudili, J. A., Biller, P., Williams, P. T., & Ross, A. B.
(2016). Hydrogen production from the catalytic supercritical water
gasification of process water generated from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Fuel, 166, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
fuel.2015.10.088.
Chornet, E., & Overend, R. P. (1985). Biomass liquefaction: an
overview, Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion,
Springer pp. 967–1002.
Cocero, M., Alonso, E., Sanz, M., & Fdz-Polanco, F. (2002).
Supercritical water oxidation process under energetically
self-sufficient operation. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 24, 37–
46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-8446(02)00011-6.
40
K. Sharma et al.