6.1 Production of Biodiesel by Using Hermitia
Illucens Larva
Hermitia illucens larvae are decomposer by nature which
feed on organic wastes. From literature survey, it was known
that palm decanter cake coming from oil palm mill, fruit
waste and sewage sludge are the three organic wastes which
were investigated as feedstock for Hermitia illucens larva.
Hermitia illucens larva which feed with palm decanter cake
and fruit waste displayed growth rates of 0.23 ± 0.09 and
0.52 ± 0.02 g dl, respectively. There was no growth sign
when the larva fed on sewage sludge. Biodiesel was produced as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by larva lipid
transesterification by utilization of catalyst sulphuric acid in
presence of methanol. From data, it’s reported that fatty acid
methyl ester obtained from lipid of larvae is suitable for
utilization for biodiesel production. In the year 2011, Li et al.
reported synthesis of biodiesel by utilizing Hermitia illucens
feeding on dairy manure. Ultrasonic, Soxhlet and immersing
are the three methods used for extraction of lipids from
Hermitia illucens. Hermitia illucens when fed on dairy
manure produces biodiesel with 0.75 g dl yield. In the year
2012, Zheng et al., reported production of biodiesel by using
rice straw and restaurant food waste to feed Hermitia illucens
larva and biodiesel yield was 4.38 g dl. Similarly, production of biodiesel was performed by Li et al. in the year 2012
by utilizing Chrysomya megacephala (oriental latrine fly).
Moreover in the year 2013, Zheng et al. reported a similar
way of production of biodiesel by using Tenebrio molitor
larvae (yellow mealworm beetle) and obtained nearly
thirty-five gram of biodiesel (Leong et al. 2016).
6.2 Biodiesel Formation Assisted by Black
Soldier Flies Initiated Dairy Manure
Bioconversion
Diaries, in general, accumulate large amounts of dairy manure
which incurs harmful impact on the environment. Moreover,
this manure acts as a primary resource of larva for insects like
Hermitia illucens, black soldier fly, etc. Insects have the largest
biomass throughout the world. They are available everywhere,
every corner, mountain to sea, equator to poles. Fats of insects
are considered as an essential source. Insects scavenger nature
makes them break down and feed on dead animal matter and
plants, thereby providing organic materials to the environment.
Organic wastes are very essential for nature. Black soldier fly is
generally linked with livestock and outdoor and is involved
with decay of organic wastes like plant materials and animal
manure. Black soldier fly larvae have high potential in consumption of decayed organic matter like manure, spoiled feed
and also kitchen wastes. Recently, larva of black soldier fly has
been recognized as a novel bio technique for bioconversion of
dairy manure into sugar and biodiesel. This is considered as
economical. Black soldier fly larvae can lead to production of
grease by petroleum ether and further produces biodiesel by a
two-step process. The leftover dry black soldier fly larvae after
extracting grease can be utilized as feedstuff of protein. The
samples which are extracted are subjected for drying at sixty
degree Celsius the whole night and the efficiency of extraction
was determined by sample weighing after and before the process of extraction. The grease which was extracted consisted of
different types of impure substance like solid impurities,
phospholipids, pectin and water. Hence, it is essential to purify
them by addition of a small amount of sulphuric acid. In a water
bath inside the reactor which is filled with black soldier fly
larvae, grease is subjected to heating to a temperature of around
73 °C. Simultaneously sulphuric acid as catalyst and
oil/methanol in the ratio 1: 8 is added to it. Later, after two hours
this particular mixture is poured in a separating funnel for
biodiesel separation and neutral oil. Then, the layer present at
above is put back into the reactor, and transesterification is
performed by adding sodium hydroxide as catalyst and
methanol/oil. Further, the mixture is stirred and subjected to
reaction for thirty minutes at 65 °C in a water bath. This mixture
was again separated. Biodiesel was obtained by washing with
distilled water, and it was washed till the washing liquid
attained neutrality (Li et al. 2011).
7 Production of Microbial Lipids
by Utilization of Organic Waste Which Is
Less Costly
7.1 Oleaginous Yeasts
Oleaginous yeasts, microbial lipids generally contain carbon
16 to 18 fatty acids which are suitable for utilization as
biodiesel. Hence, the integration of lipids and organic wastes
production by oleaginous yeasts could be economical technology for substituting fossil fuels with biodiesel which is
environmentally beneficial. Oleaginous yeasts like Rhodosporidium sp., Rhodotorula sp., Lipimyces sp., Cryptococcus sp., and Yarrowia sp., are applied for producing
microbial lipid (Park 2018).
7.2 Oleaginous Microalgae
Utilization of wastewater or organic waste for cultivation of
microalgae is a better option for reduction of cost and
moreover this procedure simultaneously produces microbial
oils and lowers concentration of nutrients in organic waste as
reported by Cho et al. in the year 2017. Production of biodiesel by utilization of microalgae has lipid yield higher in
comparison of corn and soybean oil crops as reported by Li
390
T. Sahoo et al.
Illucens Larva
Hermitia illucens larvae are decomposer by nature which
feed on organic wastes. From literature survey, it was known
that palm decanter cake coming from oil palm mill, fruit
waste and sewage sludge are the three organic wastes which
were investigated as feedstock for Hermitia illucens larva.
Hermitia illucens larva which feed with palm decanter cake
and fruit waste displayed growth rates of 0.23 ± 0.09 and
0.52 ± 0.02 g dl, respectively. There was no growth sign
when the larva fed on sewage sludge. Biodiesel was produced as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by larva lipid
transesterification by utilization of catalyst sulphuric acid in
presence of methanol. From data, it’s reported that fatty acid
methyl ester obtained from lipid of larvae is suitable for
utilization for biodiesel production. In the year 2011, Li et al.
reported synthesis of biodiesel by utilizing Hermitia illucens
feeding on dairy manure. Ultrasonic, Soxhlet and immersing
are the three methods used for extraction of lipids from
Hermitia illucens. Hermitia illucens when fed on dairy
manure produces biodiesel with 0.75 g dl yield. In the year
2012, Zheng et al., reported production of biodiesel by using
rice straw and restaurant food waste to feed Hermitia illucens
larva and biodiesel yield was 4.38 g dl. Similarly, production of biodiesel was performed by Li et al. in the year 2012
by utilizing Chrysomya megacephala (oriental latrine fly).
Moreover in the year 2013, Zheng et al. reported a similar
way of production of biodiesel by using Tenebrio molitor
larvae (yellow mealworm beetle) and obtained nearly
thirty-five gram of biodiesel (Leong et al. 2016).
6.2 Biodiesel Formation Assisted by Black
Soldier Flies Initiated Dairy Manure
Bioconversion
Diaries, in general, accumulate large amounts of dairy manure
which incurs harmful impact on the environment. Moreover,
this manure acts as a primary resource of larva for insects like
Hermitia illucens, black soldier fly, etc. Insects have the largest
biomass throughout the world. They are available everywhere,
every corner, mountain to sea, equator to poles. Fats of insects
are considered as an essential source. Insects scavenger nature
makes them break down and feed on dead animal matter and
plants, thereby providing organic materials to the environment.
Organic wastes are very essential for nature. Black soldier fly is
generally linked with livestock and outdoor and is involved
with decay of organic wastes like plant materials and animal
manure. Black soldier fly larvae have high potential in consumption of decayed organic matter like manure, spoiled feed
and also kitchen wastes. Recently, larva of black soldier fly has
been recognized as a novel bio technique for bioconversion of
dairy manure into sugar and biodiesel. This is considered as
economical. Black soldier fly larvae can lead to production of
grease by petroleum ether and further produces biodiesel by a
two-step process. The leftover dry black soldier fly larvae after
extracting grease can be utilized as feedstuff of protein. The
samples which are extracted are subjected for drying at sixty
degree Celsius the whole night and the efficiency of extraction
was determined by sample weighing after and before the process of extraction. The grease which was extracted consisted of
different types of impure substance like solid impurities,
phospholipids, pectin and water. Hence, it is essential to purify
them by addition of a small amount of sulphuric acid. In a water
bath inside the reactor which is filled with black soldier fly
larvae, grease is subjected to heating to a temperature of around
73 °C. Simultaneously sulphuric acid as catalyst and
oil/methanol in the ratio 1: 8 is added to it. Later, after two hours
this particular mixture is poured in a separating funnel for
biodiesel separation and neutral oil. Then, the layer present at
above is put back into the reactor, and transesterification is
performed by adding sodium hydroxide as catalyst and
methanol/oil. Further, the mixture is stirred and subjected to
reaction for thirty minutes at 65 °C in a water bath. This mixture
was again separated. Biodiesel was obtained by washing with
distilled water, and it was washed till the washing liquid
attained neutrality (Li et al. 2011).
7 Production of Microbial Lipids
by Utilization of Organic Waste Which Is
Less Costly
7.1 Oleaginous Yeasts
Oleaginous yeasts, microbial lipids generally contain carbon
16 to 18 fatty acids which are suitable for utilization as
biodiesel. Hence, the integration of lipids and organic wastes
production by oleaginous yeasts could be economical technology for substituting fossil fuels with biodiesel which is
environmentally beneficial. Oleaginous yeasts like Rhodosporidium sp., Rhodotorula sp., Lipimyces sp., Cryptococcus sp., and Yarrowia sp., are applied for producing
microbial lipid (Park 2018).
7.2 Oleaginous Microalgae
Utilization of wastewater or organic waste for cultivation of
microalgae is a better option for reduction of cost and
moreover this procedure simultaneously produces microbial
oils and lowers concentration of nutrients in organic waste as
reported by Cho et al. in the year 2017. Production of biodiesel by utilization of microalgae has lipid yield higher in
comparison of corn and soybean oil crops as reported by Li
390
T. Sahoo et al.