gets converted into gas, liquid and solid phase (Aristidou
and Penttilä 2000; Frąc and Ziemiñski 2012; Saxena et al.
2009). Statistical data reflects that biomasses comes fourth in
the list of energy sources and fulfil nearly fifteen percent of
consumption of energy worldwide. Previously, organic
waste can be directly utilized for combustion, and, however,
it is applied for producing a number of value-added products
by using modern technology. Apart from biodiesel and
ethanol production, hydrogen has also attracted researchers
for organic waste utilization. Initially, for using organic
waste, pre-treatment procedure is necessary, then there is
wide use of microorganisms for different types of bioconversion and finally, there are studies which aim at separation
of desired products. Additionally, conversion efficiency can
be improved by the process of optimization. Biorenewable
or biofuel is defined as gaseous, liquid or solid fuels produced from biomass predominantly. Gaseous and liquid
biofuels are more preferable due to their environmental
friendliness. Biofuels are reliable, sustainable, accessible,
locally available and non-polluting fuel. In the coming
future, generation of electricity out of biofuels is considered
as highly potential. Generation of electricity from biomass
depends on integration of gas or gasification turbine methods
which provides efficient conversion of energy (Demirbas
2009). Recently, there are many investigations on environmental and economic effects of biofuels like biohydrogen,
biogas, biodiesel and bioethanol (Demirbas 2009, 2010a, b;
Balat and Balat 2009; Phalan 2009). The potential of biofuel
industries is a source of large new markets and income for
small farmers and rural areas. In developing countries the
production of biofuel is comparatively more profitable due to
lower labour costs, suitable climatic factors for agriculture
and large availability of land. Biofuels production on a larger
scale in many developing countries provides opportunities
for reduction of their oil import dependence. Biofuels can be
categorized according to their technology of production,
first, second third and fourth generation of biofuels. First
generation of biofuels is produced from animal fats, vegetable oil starch and sugar by using suitable methods.
Basically, the feedstock involved for the first generation
biofuels production are grains or seeds like wheat which
produces starch which are further fermented to ethanol and
sunflower seeds which are pressed to convert it into vegetable oil which can be utilized in biodiesel. Third- and
second-generation biofuels are known as advanced biofuels.
Second-generation biofuels are produced from crop, wood,
corn, wheat straw, non-food crops by applying conventional
technologies. Third-generation biofuel uses oil algae or algae
fuel. Fourth-generation biofuel is dependent on conversion
of biodiesel and vegetable oil to biogasoline by utilization of
suitable technologies (Demirbas 2009).
6 Biodiesel
This fuel is produced from grease, animal fats and vegetable
oils following the process known as transesterification. It is
an alternative fuel in liquid forms which is beneficial for the
environment and which can be utilized in any type of diesel
engine without any alteration. Early in the 1990 s, there was
initiation of wide production of biodiesel and from then its
generation is increased day by day (Balat and Balat 2008).
Utilization of biodiesel in diesel engines causes reduction in
emissions of particulate matter nitrated polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, sulphates, carbon monoxide and unburned
hydrocarbons. These emissions can be further reduced when
the blending of biodiesel with conventional diesel enhances
(Ulusoy et al. 2009). There are many literatures available
which report on use, analysis and production of biodiesel
(Demirbas 2008, 2009, 2010; Selim 2009; Sinha et al. 2008;
Huang et al. 2010). Presently, biodiesel high cost is the main
hurdle in the process of product commercialization. Production of biodiesel is comparatively more costly than diesel
fuel based on petroleum. Biodiesel performance economically is determined by certain factors like chemical costs,
raw material prices, and process technology and plant
capacity (Zhang et al. 2003). Biodiesel fuel cost is dependent
on crude petroleum price, season to season variation in the
crop production, geographic area and base stock (Demirbas
and Karslioglu 2007). Feedstock cost is a topic of concern
from an economic point of view in the context of production
of biodiesel (Krawczyk 1996; Connemann and Fischer
1998). From literature survey, it is known that nearly seventy to ninety per cent of the cost of biodiesel production
arises from the raw materials price. Presently, approximately, ninety-five per cent of biodiesel produced worldwide
is from vegetable oil whose availability is very large from
the agricultural field (Gui et al. 2008). Hence, large scale and
continuous biodiesel production from vegetable oils are a
matter of great concern owing to their competition with food
supply. To solve these problems, substitution of the raw
materials with oily food and agricultural residue which are
less valuable is effective. Since the last few years, investigation has been made for biodiesel production out of various
oilseed crops which are inedible (Qiul et al. 2011; Ghadge
and Raheman 2005; Zullaikah et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2006;
Demirbas 2009, 2010; Veljković et al. 2006; El Diwani et al.
2009; Ozkurt 2009). To name a few, some inedible oil
examples are microalgae, tall oil, silk cotton tree, mahua,
rubber seed, pongamia pinnata, neem, jatropha, calophyllum
inophyllum, azardirachta indica, ficus elastica, madhuca
indica and jatropha curcas which are both available easily
and economically friendly in comparison to edible oils
(Darici and Ocal 2010).
Production of Biodiesel from Organic Wastes …
389
and Penttilä 2000; Frąc and Ziemiñski 2012; Saxena et al.
2009). Statistical data reflects that biomasses comes fourth in
the list of energy sources and fulfil nearly fifteen percent of
consumption of energy worldwide. Previously, organic
waste can be directly utilized for combustion, and, however,
it is applied for producing a number of value-added products
by using modern technology. Apart from biodiesel and
ethanol production, hydrogen has also attracted researchers
for organic waste utilization. Initially, for using organic
waste, pre-treatment procedure is necessary, then there is
wide use of microorganisms for different types of bioconversion and finally, there are studies which aim at separation
of desired products. Additionally, conversion efficiency can
be improved by the process of optimization. Biorenewable
or biofuel is defined as gaseous, liquid or solid fuels produced from biomass predominantly. Gaseous and liquid
biofuels are more preferable due to their environmental
friendliness. Biofuels are reliable, sustainable, accessible,
locally available and non-polluting fuel. In the coming
future, generation of electricity out of biofuels is considered
as highly potential. Generation of electricity from biomass
depends on integration of gas or gasification turbine methods
which provides efficient conversion of energy (Demirbas
2009). Recently, there are many investigations on environmental and economic effects of biofuels like biohydrogen,
biogas, biodiesel and bioethanol (Demirbas 2009, 2010a, b;
Balat and Balat 2009; Phalan 2009). The potential of biofuel
industries is a source of large new markets and income for
small farmers and rural areas. In developing countries the
production of biofuel is comparatively more profitable due to
lower labour costs, suitable climatic factors for agriculture
and large availability of land. Biofuels production on a larger
scale in many developing countries provides opportunities
for reduction of their oil import dependence. Biofuels can be
categorized according to their technology of production,
first, second third and fourth generation of biofuels. First
generation of biofuels is produced from animal fats, vegetable oil starch and sugar by using suitable methods.
Basically, the feedstock involved for the first generation
biofuels production are grains or seeds like wheat which
produces starch which are further fermented to ethanol and
sunflower seeds which are pressed to convert it into vegetable oil which can be utilized in biodiesel. Third- and
second-generation biofuels are known as advanced biofuels.
Second-generation biofuels are produced from crop, wood,
corn, wheat straw, non-food crops by applying conventional
technologies. Third-generation biofuel uses oil algae or algae
fuel. Fourth-generation biofuel is dependent on conversion
of biodiesel and vegetable oil to biogasoline by utilization of
suitable technologies (Demirbas 2009).
6 Biodiesel
This fuel is produced from grease, animal fats and vegetable
oils following the process known as transesterification. It is
an alternative fuel in liquid forms which is beneficial for the
environment and which can be utilized in any type of diesel
engine without any alteration. Early in the 1990 s, there was
initiation of wide production of biodiesel and from then its
generation is increased day by day (Balat and Balat 2008).
Utilization of biodiesel in diesel engines causes reduction in
emissions of particulate matter nitrated polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, sulphates, carbon monoxide and unburned
hydrocarbons. These emissions can be further reduced when
the blending of biodiesel with conventional diesel enhances
(Ulusoy et al. 2009). There are many literatures available
which report on use, analysis and production of biodiesel
(Demirbas 2008, 2009, 2010; Selim 2009; Sinha et al. 2008;
Huang et al. 2010). Presently, biodiesel high cost is the main
hurdle in the process of product commercialization. Production of biodiesel is comparatively more costly than diesel
fuel based on petroleum. Biodiesel performance economically is determined by certain factors like chemical costs,
raw material prices, and process technology and plant
capacity (Zhang et al. 2003). Biodiesel fuel cost is dependent
on crude petroleum price, season to season variation in the
crop production, geographic area and base stock (Demirbas
and Karslioglu 2007). Feedstock cost is a topic of concern
from an economic point of view in the context of production
of biodiesel (Krawczyk 1996; Connemann and Fischer
1998). From literature survey, it is known that nearly seventy to ninety per cent of the cost of biodiesel production
arises from the raw materials price. Presently, approximately, ninety-five per cent of biodiesel produced worldwide
is from vegetable oil whose availability is very large from
the agricultural field (Gui et al. 2008). Hence, large scale and
continuous biodiesel production from vegetable oils are a
matter of great concern owing to their competition with food
supply. To solve these problems, substitution of the raw
materials with oily food and agricultural residue which are
less valuable is effective. Since the last few years, investigation has been made for biodiesel production out of various
oilseed crops which are inedible (Qiul et al. 2011; Ghadge
and Raheman 2005; Zullaikah et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2006;
Demirbas 2009, 2010; Veljković et al. 2006; El Diwani et al.
2009; Ozkurt 2009). To name a few, some inedible oil
examples are microalgae, tall oil, silk cotton tree, mahua,
rubber seed, pongamia pinnata, neem, jatropha, calophyllum
inophyllum, azardirachta indica, ficus elastica, madhuca
indica and jatropha curcas which are both available easily
and economically friendly in comparison to edible oils
(Darici and Ocal 2010).
Production of Biodiesel from Organic Wastes …
389