application by utilization of agricultural residue has been
practised since very long.
3.2 Organic Waste Generated of Residue
of Industries
With the advent of industrialization and population, waste
from industrial practices has attracted researchers. In this
context, waste coming from paper and food manufacturing
industries are widely used in research associated with biomass. Majority of organic wastes coming from food industries which are used for this purpose includes potato chips,
instant noodles and orange juice (Kim et al. 2011). The
benefits of this category of organic waste are that they are
easily available and their composition is stable. Moreover, it
requires an easy pre-treatment procedure for obtaining a
highly potential product. Additionally, it is indicated by some
researchers that food industry waste is not perfect for animal
feedstock due to presence of artificial additives and antiseptics. In general, this organic waste pre-treatment is easier in
comparison to lignocellulosic organic wastes. This is due to
the easier digestion of food, and it can also be obtained by
organism and enzymes commercially (Barnard et al. 2010).
Economically, industrial organic waste stability has been
considered essential for consideration as feedstock during the
process of bioconversion. Additionally, production of more
than one product from single organic waste has emerged for
the very first time in the context of food residue bioconversion application. Bioconversion products are dependent on
the involved microorganisms’ metabolic pathway. United
Kingdom scientists in the year 2010 reported orange peel
waste biorefining. During the study, it was found that orange
peel waste biorefining produced a number of value-added
products like single cells proteins, industrial enzymes,
essential oils, methane and ethane. These results displayed
that food industry organic waste consists of large quantities
of nutrients which is highly beneficial for microorganisms
intake for their efficient performance during conversion.
3.3 Organic Waste Generated from Urban
Activities
In the last century, urbanization has developed a lot. In the
path to the development of the city, the excessive growth of
population has given rise to large amounts of urban residues
which have disturbed the pace of development. In this
context, engineers, as well as scientists, face problems in
handling these urban residues. Urban residues are also a kind
of organic waste which includes medical wastes, catering
wastes and home scrapes. Recent biofuel conversion technologies can be applied in wide scale for utilization of urban
residues. In comparison to other biomass, the composition of
this category of organic waste is unstable, hence prior to
utilization analysis of composition is highly essential. Owing
to this instability of composition, there is the requirement of
complex pre-treatment procedure prior to the hydrolysis in
order to retain sugar for the process of fermentation subsequently, which needs to be solved for future applications in
order to reduce the cost of overall bioconversion. Production
of biofuel is the primary concern of this category of organic
waste. Biofuels like biodiesel, bioethanol and biohydrogen
are successfully produced since the last decades by utilization of urban residues organic waste. The major constituents
of the home scraps are carbohydrates which can be used
during bioconversion by extracting fermentable sugar out of
it. Moreover, they also contain few quantities of lipids which
act as essential inhibitors during the fermentable sugar
hydrolysis. Owing to the instability of organic waste from
urban residues, complete use of it is quite difficult. In order
to improve this efficient pre-treatment procedure of organic
waste needs to be developed.
4 Organic Waste Utilization
The development of the biomass has come into light since the
mid of the previous century, and its use can be revolutionary in
human history for the development of technology speedily. In
the field of utilization of organic wastes, there is the requirement of accurate and fast method of analysis for producing
multiple values added products out of the biomass, and this
issue is a topic of concern for many researchers. Recently,
organic waste has attracted researchers as a new category of
biomass and can be divided into two classes, use of organic
waste and bioconversion. Organic waste pre-treatment can be
easier. Because of the presence of organic compounds almost
all biomass can be called as organic waste. At this point,
hydrophyte like microalgae, urban residues and food industry
residue are preferred mostly for bioconversion processes.
Metabolic and genetic engineering are present for enhancing
the target product production and simultaneously for the
reduction of the rate of conversion of the side products and this
has been successfully achieved.
5 Biofuels Generated Out of Biowastes
Environmental problems like global warming and reduction
in the reserves of fossil fuels have led to alarming need for
sources of renewable energy. In this context, biomass has
emerged as a neutral carbon resource and contributes primarily to production of fuels. Biomass in the advanced stage
utilizes only organic waste as the renewable source of energy
which after the application of diverse application process
388
T. Sahoo et al.
practised since very long.
3.2 Organic Waste Generated of Residue
of Industries
With the advent of industrialization and population, waste
from industrial practices has attracted researchers. In this
context, waste coming from paper and food manufacturing
industries are widely used in research associated with biomass. Majority of organic wastes coming from food industries which are used for this purpose includes potato chips,
instant noodles and orange juice (Kim et al. 2011). The
benefits of this category of organic waste are that they are
easily available and their composition is stable. Moreover, it
requires an easy pre-treatment procedure for obtaining a
highly potential product. Additionally, it is indicated by some
researchers that food industry waste is not perfect for animal
feedstock due to presence of artificial additives and antiseptics. In general, this organic waste pre-treatment is easier in
comparison to lignocellulosic organic wastes. This is due to
the easier digestion of food, and it can also be obtained by
organism and enzymes commercially (Barnard et al. 2010).
Economically, industrial organic waste stability has been
considered essential for consideration as feedstock during the
process of bioconversion. Additionally, production of more
than one product from single organic waste has emerged for
the very first time in the context of food residue bioconversion application. Bioconversion products are dependent on
the involved microorganisms’ metabolic pathway. United
Kingdom scientists in the year 2010 reported orange peel
waste biorefining. During the study, it was found that orange
peel waste biorefining produced a number of value-added
products like single cells proteins, industrial enzymes,
essential oils, methane and ethane. These results displayed
that food industry organic waste consists of large quantities
of nutrients which is highly beneficial for microorganisms
intake for their efficient performance during conversion.
3.3 Organic Waste Generated from Urban
Activities
In the last century, urbanization has developed a lot. In the
path to the development of the city, the excessive growth of
population has given rise to large amounts of urban residues
which have disturbed the pace of development. In this
context, engineers, as well as scientists, face problems in
handling these urban residues. Urban residues are also a kind
of organic waste which includes medical wastes, catering
wastes and home scrapes. Recent biofuel conversion technologies can be applied in wide scale for utilization of urban
residues. In comparison to other biomass, the composition of
this category of organic waste is unstable, hence prior to
utilization analysis of composition is highly essential. Owing
to this instability of composition, there is the requirement of
complex pre-treatment procedure prior to the hydrolysis in
order to retain sugar for the process of fermentation subsequently, which needs to be solved for future applications in
order to reduce the cost of overall bioconversion. Production
of biofuel is the primary concern of this category of organic
waste. Biofuels like biodiesel, bioethanol and biohydrogen
are successfully produced since the last decades by utilization of urban residues organic waste. The major constituents
of the home scraps are carbohydrates which can be used
during bioconversion by extracting fermentable sugar out of
it. Moreover, they also contain few quantities of lipids which
act as essential inhibitors during the fermentable sugar
hydrolysis. Owing to the instability of organic waste from
urban residues, complete use of it is quite difficult. In order
to improve this efficient pre-treatment procedure of organic
waste needs to be developed.
4 Organic Waste Utilization
The development of the biomass has come into light since the
mid of the previous century, and its use can be revolutionary in
human history for the development of technology speedily. In
the field of utilization of organic wastes, there is the requirement of accurate and fast method of analysis for producing
multiple values added products out of the biomass, and this
issue is a topic of concern for many researchers. Recently,
organic waste has attracted researchers as a new category of
biomass and can be divided into two classes, use of organic
waste and bioconversion. Organic waste pre-treatment can be
easier. Because of the presence of organic compounds almost
all biomass can be called as organic waste. At this point,
hydrophyte like microalgae, urban residues and food industry
residue are preferred mostly for bioconversion processes.
Metabolic and genetic engineering are present for enhancing
the target product production and simultaneously for the
reduction of the rate of conversion of the side products and this
has been successfully achieved.
5 Biofuels Generated Out of Biowastes
Environmental problems like global warming and reduction
in the reserves of fossil fuels have led to alarming need for
sources of renewable energy. In this context, biomass has
emerged as a neutral carbon resource and contributes primarily to production of fuels. Biomass in the advanced stage
utilizes only organic waste as the renewable source of energy
which after the application of diverse application process
388
T. Sahoo et al.