5 Final Considerations
There is a worldwide consensus that the use of different synthetic plastics, which are produced entirely by nonrenewable
sources, is a great societal concern. Food waste is another
major global issue, even though there is widespread hunger,
especially in underdeveloped or developing countries.
This study evaluated some food residues feedstocks (e.g.,
cassava, rice, and shrimp husks, and natural fibers), which
may be used for bioplastics production. Feedstock compositions and structures, and the main characterization techniques of the physicochemical, biological, thermal, and
mechanical properties must be optimized in an ecological,
sustainable, and renewable way to solve the two largest
environmental problems currently faced by society.
Finally, the food industry, government agencies, and the
populations of large cities require a global plan for the
management and food waste generation to decrease the
quantity produced and properly converting by-product into
value-added products. Finding efficient solutions to these
socioenvironmental and economic problems are an important challenge for future generations.
Acknowledgements The authors thankfully acknowledge Foundation
for Research Support, Scientific and Technological Development of
Maranhão—FAPEMA (01190/18, 01403/18, 00946/19, and 00957/19)
and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—
CNPq (426162/2018-8) for the financial support. They also thank the
Ceuma University and Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA) for
technical and professional support.
References
AbouHagra, A. (2017). Together for a sustainable future, UNIDO.
Chamber of trade; for technical affairs. Cairo, Egypt: Federation of
Egyptian Industries.
Agnihotri, S., Shukla, S., & Pilla, S. (2020). Sustainability issues in
bioplastics. Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials,
5,
249–273.
DOI:
https://doi.
org/2F10.1016/2FB978-0-12-803581-8.10610-1.
Aguirre-Loredo, R. Y., & Velázquez, G. (2016). Modificación de las
propiedades mecáncas de películas biodegradables en función de las
condiciones ambientales de almacenamiento. Investigación y
Desarrollo en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, 1(1), 238–243.
Retrived May 01, 2020, from http://www.fcb.uanl.mx/IDCyTA/
files/volume1/1/2/40.pdf.
Agustin-Salazar, S., Cerruti, P., Medina-Juarez, L. A., Scarinzi, G.,
Malinconico, M., Soto-Valdez, H., et al. (2018). Lignin and
holocellulose from pecan nutshell as reinforcing fillers in poly
(lactic acid) biocomposites. International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules, 115, 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.
2018.04.120.
Alashwal, B. Y., et al. (2020). Improved properties of keratin-based
bioplastic film blended with microcrystalline cellulose: A comparative analysis. Journal of King Saud University Science, 32, 853–
857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2019.03.006.
Albimante, S. R., Pacheco, E. B. A. V., & Visconte, L. L. Y. (2013).
Revisão dos tratamentos químicos da fibra natural para mistura com
poliolefinas. Química Nova, 36, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1590/
S0100-40422013000100021.
Almeida, D. A., Woiciechowski, A. L., Wosiacki, G., Prestes, R. A., &
Pinheiro, L. A. (2013). Physical, chemical and barrier properties in
film formed by blending of bacterial cellulose and potato starch.
Polymer Science and Technology, 23, 538–546. https://doi.org/10.
4322/polimeros.2013.038.
Araújo, C. S., et al. (2018). Optimizing process parameters to obtain a
bioplastic using proteinsfrom fish byproducts through the response
surface methodology. Food Packag Shelf Life, 16, 23–30. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.01.009.
Ashter, S. A. (2016). Introduction to bioplastics engineering (Vol.
300). Oxford: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-04010-5.
Awadhiya, A., Kumar, D., & Verma, V. (2016). Crosslinking of
agarose bioplastic using citric acid. Carbohydrate Polymers, 151,
60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.040.
Bansal, S., Kanoongo, J., & Malviya, P. (2018). Production of
biodegradable plastic from food waste. International Journal for
Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 6, 1895–
1897. DOI: https://doi.org/2F10.22214/2Fijraset.2018.4323.
Basiak, E., Andrzej, L. A., & Debeaufort, F. (2017). Effect of starch
type on the physico-chemical properties of edible films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 98, 348–356. DOI:
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.122.
Bastioli, C. (2005). Handbook of biodegradable polymers (1ª ed.).
Shawbury: Rapra Technology Limited. https://doi.org/10.1002/
9783527635818.
Batista, J. A., Tanada-Palmu, P. S., & Grosso, C. R. F. (2005). Effect of
the addition of fatty acids in films based on pectin. Food Science
and Technology Campinas, 25, 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1590/
S0101-20612005000400025.
Baxter, C. N. J. (2018). Senate committee approves bill charging 5-cent
fee for plastic shopping, retrieved online 2018. Retrieved May 11,
2020, from https://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/12/nj_
senate_committee_approves_b_1.html.
Bayer, I. S., Guzman-Puyol, S., Heredia-Guerrero, J. A., Ceseracciu,
L., Pignatelli, F., Ruffilli, R., et al. (2014). Direct transformation of
edible vegetable waste into bioplastics. Macromolecules, 47, 5135–
5143. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma5008557.
Bhaskar, T. et al. (2018). Waste biorefinery: Potential and perspectives
(Vol. 890, 1st Edn.), Elsevier. ISBN:9780444639936.
Bilo, F., Pandini, S., Sartore, L., Depero, L. E., Gargiulo, G., Bonassi,
A. et al. (2018). A sustainable bioplastic obtained from rice straw.
The Journal of Cleaner Production, 200, 357–368. DOI: https://doi.
org/2F10.1016/2Fj.jclepro.2018.07.252.
Binod, P., Sindhu, R., Singhania, R. R., Vikram, S., Devi, L.,
Nagalakshmi, S., et al. (2010). Bioethanol production from rice
straw: An overview. Bioresource Technology, 101, 4767–4774.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.079.
Brodin, M., Vallejos, M., Opedal, M. T., Area, M. C., &
Chinga-Carrasco, G. (2017). Lignocellulosics as sustainable
resources for production of bioplastics—A review. The Journal of
Cleaner Production, 162, 646–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jclepro.2017.05.209.
Callister, W. D., Jr., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2012). Science and materials
engineering: An introduction. Rio de Janeiro: LCT. (in Portuguese).
Casadidio, C., Peregrina, D. V., Gigliobianco, M. R., Deng, S., Censi,
R., & Di Martino, P. (2019). Chitin and chitosans: Characteristics,
eco-friendly processes, and applications in cosmetic science.
Marine Drugs, 17, 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17060369.
Castanha, N., Matta Junior, M. D., & Augusto, P. E. D. (2017). Potato
starch modification using the ozone technology. Food Hydrocoll,
66, 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.12.001.
292
A. A. Santana et al.
There is a worldwide consensus that the use of different synthetic plastics, which are produced entirely by nonrenewable
sources, is a great societal concern. Food waste is another
major global issue, even though there is widespread hunger,
especially in underdeveloped or developing countries.
This study evaluated some food residues feedstocks (e.g.,
cassava, rice, and shrimp husks, and natural fibers), which
may be used for bioplastics production. Feedstock compositions and structures, and the main characterization techniques of the physicochemical, biological, thermal, and
mechanical properties must be optimized in an ecological,
sustainable, and renewable way to solve the two largest
environmental problems currently faced by society.
Finally, the food industry, government agencies, and the
populations of large cities require a global plan for the
management and food waste generation to decrease the
quantity produced and properly converting by-product into
value-added products. Finding efficient solutions to these
socioenvironmental and economic problems are an important challenge for future generations.
Acknowledgements The authors thankfully acknowledge Foundation
for Research Support, Scientific and Technological Development of
Maranhão—FAPEMA (01190/18, 01403/18, 00946/19, and 00957/19)
and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—
CNPq (426162/2018-8) for the financial support. They also thank the
Ceuma University and Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA) for
technical and professional support.
References
AbouHagra, A. (2017). Together for a sustainable future, UNIDO.
Chamber of trade; for technical affairs. Cairo, Egypt: Federation of
Egyptian Industries.
Agnihotri, S., Shukla, S., & Pilla, S. (2020). Sustainability issues in
bioplastics. Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials,
5,
249–273.
DOI:
https://doi.
org/2F10.1016/2FB978-0-12-803581-8.10610-1.
Aguirre-Loredo, R. Y., & Velázquez, G. (2016). Modificación de las
propiedades mecáncas de películas biodegradables en función de las
condiciones ambientales de almacenamiento. Investigación y
Desarrollo en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, 1(1), 238–243.
Retrived May 01, 2020, from http://www.fcb.uanl.mx/IDCyTA/
files/volume1/1/2/40.pdf.
Agustin-Salazar, S., Cerruti, P., Medina-Juarez, L. A., Scarinzi, G.,
Malinconico, M., Soto-Valdez, H., et al. (2018). Lignin and
holocellulose from pecan nutshell as reinforcing fillers in poly
(lactic acid) biocomposites. International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules, 115, 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.
2018.04.120.
Alashwal, B. Y., et al. (2020). Improved properties of keratin-based
bioplastic film blended with microcrystalline cellulose: A comparative analysis. Journal of King Saud University Science, 32, 853–
857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2019.03.006.
Albimante, S. R., Pacheco, E. B. A. V., & Visconte, L. L. Y. (2013).
Revisão dos tratamentos químicos da fibra natural para mistura com
poliolefinas. Química Nova, 36, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1590/
S0100-40422013000100021.
Almeida, D. A., Woiciechowski, A. L., Wosiacki, G., Prestes, R. A., &
Pinheiro, L. A. (2013). Physical, chemical and barrier properties in
film formed by blending of bacterial cellulose and potato starch.
Polymer Science and Technology, 23, 538–546. https://doi.org/10.
4322/polimeros.2013.038.
Araújo, C. S., et al. (2018). Optimizing process parameters to obtain a
bioplastic using proteinsfrom fish byproducts through the response
surface methodology. Food Packag Shelf Life, 16, 23–30. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.01.009.
Ashter, S. A. (2016). Introduction to bioplastics engineering (Vol.
300). Oxford: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-04010-5.
Awadhiya, A., Kumar, D., & Verma, V. (2016). Crosslinking of
agarose bioplastic using citric acid. Carbohydrate Polymers, 151,
60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.040.
Bansal, S., Kanoongo, J., & Malviya, P. (2018). Production of
biodegradable plastic from food waste. International Journal for
Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 6, 1895–
1897. DOI: https://doi.org/2F10.22214/2Fijraset.2018.4323.
Basiak, E., Andrzej, L. A., & Debeaufort, F. (2017). Effect of starch
type on the physico-chemical properties of edible films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 98, 348–356. DOI:
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.122.
Bastioli, C. (2005). Handbook of biodegradable polymers (1ª ed.).
Shawbury: Rapra Technology Limited. https://doi.org/10.1002/
9783527635818.
Batista, J. A., Tanada-Palmu, P. S., & Grosso, C. R. F. (2005). Effect of
the addition of fatty acids in films based on pectin. Food Science
and Technology Campinas, 25, 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1590/
S0101-20612005000400025.
Baxter, C. N. J. (2018). Senate committee approves bill charging 5-cent
fee for plastic shopping, retrieved online 2018. Retrieved May 11,
2020, from https://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/12/nj_
senate_committee_approves_b_1.html.
Bayer, I. S., Guzman-Puyol, S., Heredia-Guerrero, J. A., Ceseracciu,
L., Pignatelli, F., Ruffilli, R., et al. (2014). Direct transformation of
edible vegetable waste into bioplastics. Macromolecules, 47, 5135–
5143. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma5008557.
Bhaskar, T. et al. (2018). Waste biorefinery: Potential and perspectives
(Vol. 890, 1st Edn.), Elsevier. ISBN:9780444639936.
Bilo, F., Pandini, S., Sartore, L., Depero, L. E., Gargiulo, G., Bonassi,
A. et al. (2018). A sustainable bioplastic obtained from rice straw.
The Journal of Cleaner Production, 200, 357–368. DOI: https://doi.
org/2F10.1016/2Fj.jclepro.2018.07.252.
Binod, P., Sindhu, R., Singhania, R. R., Vikram, S., Devi, L.,
Nagalakshmi, S., et al. (2010). Bioethanol production from rice
straw: An overview. Bioresource Technology, 101, 4767–4774.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.079.
Brodin, M., Vallejos, M., Opedal, M. T., Area, M. C., &
Chinga-Carrasco, G. (2017). Lignocellulosics as sustainable
resources for production of bioplastics—A review. The Journal of
Cleaner Production, 162, 646–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jclepro.2017.05.209.
Callister, W. D., Jr., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2012). Science and materials
engineering: An introduction. Rio de Janeiro: LCT. (in Portuguese).
Casadidio, C., Peregrina, D. V., Gigliobianco, M. R., Deng, S., Censi,
R., & Di Martino, P. (2019). Chitin and chitosans: Characteristics,
eco-friendly processes, and applications in cosmetic science.
Marine Drugs, 17, 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17060369.
Castanha, N., Matta Junior, M. D., & Augusto, P. E. D. (2017). Potato
starch modification using the ozone technology. Food Hydrocoll,
66, 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.12.001.
292
A. A. Santana et al.