Basri, M. F., et al. (2010). Improved biogas production from palm oil
mill effluent by a scaled-down anaerobic treatment process. World
Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 26, 505–514.
Boldrin, A., et al. (2010). Environmental inventory modelling of the
use of compost and peat in growth media preparation. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1250–1260.
Chaikitkaew, S., Kongjan, P., & O-Thong, S. (2015). Biogas production from biomass residues of palm oil mill by solid state anaerobic
digestion. Energy Procedia, 79, 838–844.
Choi, W. H., et al. (2013). Anaerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent
using combined high-rate anaerobic reactors. Bioresource Technology, 141, 138–144.
Choong, Y. Y., Chou, K. W., & Norli, I. (2018). Strategies for
improving biogas production of palm oil mill effluent (POME)
anaerobic digestion: A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 82, 2993–3006.
Commodities, M.o.P.I.a., Palm Oil 2019. 2019: Putrajaya.
de Almeida Rios, S., et al. (2018). Correlation and path analysis for
yield components in Dura oil palm germplasm. Industrial Crops
and Products, 112, 724–733.
Dewayanto, N., Isha, R., & Nordin, M. R. (2014). Use of palm oil decanter
cake as a new substrate for the production of bio-oil by vacuum
pyrolysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 86, 226–232.
DOSM, D.o.S.M. (2019). Selected Agricultural Indicators, Malaysia,
2019, from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/
cthemeByCat&cat=72&bul_id=
SEUxMEE3VFdBcDJhdUhPZVUxa2pKdz09&menu_id=
Z0VTZGU1UHBUT1VJMFlpaXRRR0xpdz09.
Doublet, J., et al. (2011). Influence of bulking agents on organic matter
evolution during sewage sludge composting; consequences on
compost organic matter stability and N availability. Bioresource
Technology, 102(2), 1298–1307.
Dungani, R., et al. (2013). A review on quality enhancement of oil palm
trunk waste by resin impregnation: Future materials. BioResources,
8(2), 3136–3156.
Embrandiri, A., et al. (2015). Sustainable utilization of oil palm wastes:
Opportunities and challenges. In Waste management: Challenges,
threats and opportunities (pp. 217–232). New York: Nova Science
Publishers.
Fadzilah, K., Saini, H., & Atong, M. (2017). Physicochemical
characteristics of oil palm frond composting with fungal inoculants.
Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 40(1).
Gómez, X., et al. (2006). Anaerobic co-digestion of primary sludge and
the fruit and vegetable fraction of the municipal solid wastes.
Conditions for mixing and evaluation of the organic loading rate.
Renewable Energy, 31, 2017–2024.
Hai, T. C. (2002). The palm oil industry in Malaysia. Malaysia: WWF.
Harun, M. Y., et al. (2016). A comparative investigation on the effect of
thermal treatments on the mechanical properties of oil palm fruitlet
components. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 60, 582–587.
Hashim, K., Tahiruddin, S., & Asis, A. J. (2012). Palm and palm kernel
oil production and processing in Malaysia and Indonesia. In Palm
Oil (pp. 235–250). Elsevier.
Hau, L. J., et al. (2020). Mixed composting of palm oil empty fruit
bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME) with various
organics: An analysis on final macronutrient content and physical
properties. Waste and Biomass Valorization.
Henson, I. (1992). Estimating potential productivity of oil palm. In
International workshop on yield potential in the oil palm. Phuket
(Thailand), 29–30 Oct 1990.
Hock, L. S., et al. (2009). Physicochemical changes in windrow
co-composting process of oil palm mesocarp fiber and palm oil mill
effluent anaerobic sludge. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, 3(3), 2809–2816.
Ikumapayi, O., Akinlabi, E. T., & Majumdar, J. (2019). Influence of
carbonaceous agrowastes nanoparticles on physical and mechanical
properties of friction stir processed AA7075-T651 metal matrix
composites. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 7(3),
035013.
Imbeah, M. (1998). Composting piggery waste: A review. Bioresource
Technology, 63(3), 197–203.
Iskandar, M. J., et al. (2018). Palm oil industry in South East Asia and
the effluent treatment technology—A review. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 9, 169–185.
Ismail, A. (2013). The effect of labour shortage in the supply and
demand of palm oil in Malaysia. Oil Palm Industry Economic
Journal, 13(2), 15–26.
Jeong, J. Y., et al. (2014). Performance comparison between mesophilic
and thermophilic anaerobic reactors for treatment of palm oil mill
effluent. Bioresource Technology, 165, 122–128.
Junaidah, M., et al. (2015). Optimisation of sterilisation process for oil
palm fresh fruit bunch at different ripeness. International Food
Research Journal, 22(1), 275.
Kala, D., et al. (2009). Composting oil palm wastes and sewage sludge
for use in potting media of ornamental plants. Malaysian Journal of
Soil Science, 13(1), 77–91.
Kausar, H. (2012). Physical, chemical and biological changes during
the composting of oil palm frond. African Journal of Microbiology
Research, 6(19), 4084–4089.
Khadaroo, S. N. B. A., et al. (2020). The influence of different
solid-liquid ratios on the thermophilic anaerobic digestion performance of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Journal of Environmental
Management, 257, 109996.
Khan, M. A., et al. (2016). Optimization of process parameters for
production of volatile fatty acid, biohydrogen and methane from
anaerobic digestion. Bioresource Technology, 219, 738–748.
Khemkhao, M., Techkarnjanaruk, S., & Phalakornkule, C. (2015).
Simultaneous treatment of raw palm oil mill effluent and biodegradation of palm fiber in a high-rate CSTR. Bioresource Technology,
177, 17–27.
Killi, D., & Kavdır, Y. (2013). Effects of olive solid waste and olive
solid waste compost application on soil properties and growth of
Solanum lycopersicum. International Biodeterioration and
Biodegradation, 82, 157–165.
Kim, S. H., et al. (2013). Mesophilic co-digestion of palm oil mill
effluent and empty fruit bunches. Environmental Technology
(United Kingdom), 34, 2163–2170.
Kolade, O., et al. (2006). Palm kernel waste management through
composting and crop production. Journal of Environmental Health
Research, 5(2), 81.
Krishnan, Y., et al. (2017). Co-composting of palm empty fruit bunch
and palm oil mill effluent: Microbial diversity and potential
mitigation of greenhouse gas emission. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 146, 94–100.
Kumar, A., & Samadder, S. R. (2020). Performance evaluation of
anaerobic digestion technology for energy recovery from organic
fraction of municipal solid waste: A review. Energy, 197, 117253.
Kumaran, P., et al. (2016). A review on industrial scale anaerobic
digestion systems deployment in Malaysia: Opportunities and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, 929–940.
Kushairi, A., et al. (2019). Oil palm economic performance in Malaysia
and R&D Progress in 2018. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 31(2),
165–194.
Labatut, R. A., Angenent, L. T., & Scott, N. R. (2011). Biochemical
methane potential and biodegradability of complex organic substrates. Bioresource Technology, 102, 2255–2264.
Larsen, K. L., & McCartney, D. M. (2000). Effect of C: N ratio on
microbial activity and N retention: Bench-scale study using pulp
and paper biosolids. Compost Science & Utilization, 8(2), 147–159.
Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product ...
141
mill effluent by a scaled-down anaerobic treatment process. World
Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 26, 505–514.
Boldrin, A., et al. (2010). Environmental inventory modelling of the
use of compost and peat in growth media preparation. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1250–1260.
Chaikitkaew, S., Kongjan, P., & O-Thong, S. (2015). Biogas production from biomass residues of palm oil mill by solid state anaerobic
digestion. Energy Procedia, 79, 838–844.
Choi, W. H., et al. (2013). Anaerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent
using combined high-rate anaerobic reactors. Bioresource Technology, 141, 138–144.
Choong, Y. Y., Chou, K. W., & Norli, I. (2018). Strategies for
improving biogas production of palm oil mill effluent (POME)
anaerobic digestion: A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 82, 2993–3006.
Commodities, M.o.P.I.a., Palm Oil 2019. 2019: Putrajaya.
de Almeida Rios, S., et al. (2018). Correlation and path analysis for
yield components in Dura oil palm germplasm. Industrial Crops
and Products, 112, 724–733.
Dewayanto, N., Isha, R., & Nordin, M. R. (2014). Use of palm oil decanter
cake as a new substrate for the production of bio-oil by vacuum
pyrolysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 86, 226–232.
DOSM, D.o.S.M. (2019). Selected Agricultural Indicators, Malaysia,
2019, from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/
cthemeByCat&cat=72&bul_id=
SEUxMEE3VFdBcDJhdUhPZVUxa2pKdz09&menu_id=
Z0VTZGU1UHBUT1VJMFlpaXRRR0xpdz09.
Doublet, J., et al. (2011). Influence of bulking agents on organic matter
evolution during sewage sludge composting; consequences on
compost organic matter stability and N availability. Bioresource
Technology, 102(2), 1298–1307.
Dungani, R., et al. (2013). A review on quality enhancement of oil palm
trunk waste by resin impregnation: Future materials. BioResources,
8(2), 3136–3156.
Embrandiri, A., et al. (2015). Sustainable utilization of oil palm wastes:
Opportunities and challenges. In Waste management: Challenges,
threats and opportunities (pp. 217–232). New York: Nova Science
Publishers.
Fadzilah, K., Saini, H., & Atong, M. (2017). Physicochemical
characteristics of oil palm frond composting with fungal inoculants.
Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 40(1).
Gómez, X., et al. (2006). Anaerobic co-digestion of primary sludge and
the fruit and vegetable fraction of the municipal solid wastes.
Conditions for mixing and evaluation of the organic loading rate.
Renewable Energy, 31, 2017–2024.
Hai, T. C. (2002). The palm oil industry in Malaysia. Malaysia: WWF.
Harun, M. Y., et al. (2016). A comparative investigation on the effect of
thermal treatments on the mechanical properties of oil palm fruitlet
components. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 60, 582–587.
Hashim, K., Tahiruddin, S., & Asis, A. J. (2012). Palm and palm kernel
oil production and processing in Malaysia and Indonesia. In Palm
Oil (pp. 235–250). Elsevier.
Hau, L. J., et al. (2020). Mixed composting of palm oil empty fruit
bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME) with various
organics: An analysis on final macronutrient content and physical
properties. Waste and Biomass Valorization.
Henson, I. (1992). Estimating potential productivity of oil palm. In
International workshop on yield potential in the oil palm. Phuket
(Thailand), 29–30 Oct 1990.
Hock, L. S., et al. (2009). Physicochemical changes in windrow
co-composting process of oil palm mesocarp fiber and palm oil mill
effluent anaerobic sludge. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, 3(3), 2809–2816.
Ikumapayi, O., Akinlabi, E. T., & Majumdar, J. (2019). Influence of
carbonaceous agrowastes nanoparticles on physical and mechanical
properties of friction stir processed AA7075-T651 metal matrix
composites. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 7(3),
035013.
Imbeah, M. (1998). Composting piggery waste: A review. Bioresource
Technology, 63(3), 197–203.
Iskandar, M. J., et al. (2018). Palm oil industry in South East Asia and
the effluent treatment technology—A review. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 9, 169–185.
Ismail, A. (2013). The effect of labour shortage in the supply and
demand of palm oil in Malaysia. Oil Palm Industry Economic
Journal, 13(2), 15–26.
Jeong, J. Y., et al. (2014). Performance comparison between mesophilic
and thermophilic anaerobic reactors for treatment of palm oil mill
effluent. Bioresource Technology, 165, 122–128.
Junaidah, M., et al. (2015). Optimisation of sterilisation process for oil
palm fresh fruit bunch at different ripeness. International Food
Research Journal, 22(1), 275.
Kala, D., et al. (2009). Composting oil palm wastes and sewage sludge
for use in potting media of ornamental plants. Malaysian Journal of
Soil Science, 13(1), 77–91.
Kausar, H. (2012). Physical, chemical and biological changes during
the composting of oil palm frond. African Journal of Microbiology
Research, 6(19), 4084–4089.
Khadaroo, S. N. B. A., et al. (2020). The influence of different
solid-liquid ratios on the thermophilic anaerobic digestion performance of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Journal of Environmental
Management, 257, 109996.
Khan, M. A., et al. (2016). Optimization of process parameters for
production of volatile fatty acid, biohydrogen and methane from
anaerobic digestion. Bioresource Technology, 219, 738–748.
Khemkhao, M., Techkarnjanaruk, S., & Phalakornkule, C. (2015).
Simultaneous treatment of raw palm oil mill effluent and biodegradation of palm fiber in a high-rate CSTR. Bioresource Technology,
177, 17–27.
Killi, D., & Kavdır, Y. (2013). Effects of olive solid waste and olive
solid waste compost application on soil properties and growth of
Solanum lycopersicum. International Biodeterioration and
Biodegradation, 82, 157–165.
Kim, S. H., et al. (2013). Mesophilic co-digestion of palm oil mill
effluent and empty fruit bunches. Environmental Technology
(United Kingdom), 34, 2163–2170.
Kolade, O., et al. (2006). Palm kernel waste management through
composting and crop production. Journal of Environmental Health
Research, 5(2), 81.
Krishnan, Y., et al. (2017). Co-composting of palm empty fruit bunch
and palm oil mill effluent: Microbial diversity and potential
mitigation of greenhouse gas emission. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 146, 94–100.
Kumar, A., & Samadder, S. R. (2020). Performance evaluation of
anaerobic digestion technology for energy recovery from organic
fraction of municipal solid waste: A review. Energy, 197, 117253.
Kumaran, P., et al. (2016). A review on industrial scale anaerobic
digestion systems deployment in Malaysia: Opportunities and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, 929–940.
Kushairi, A., et al. (2019). Oil palm economic performance in Malaysia
and R&D Progress in 2018. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 31(2),
165–194.
Labatut, R. A., Angenent, L. T., & Scott, N. R. (2011). Biochemical
methane potential and biodegradability of complex organic substrates. Bioresource Technology, 102, 2255–2264.
Larsen, K. L., & McCartney, D. M. (2000). Effect of C: N ratio on
microbial activity and N retention: Bench-scale study using pulp
and paper biosolids. Compost Science & Utilization, 8(2), 147–159.
Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product ...
141