NOTES
1. See Commission on Security and Cooperation in
Europe, “Missed opportunity in Kazakhstan: Fraud
and intimidation spoil election promised to be “free
and fair,” December 15, 2005, http://www.csce.gov/
index.cfm?Fuseaction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&
ContentRecord_id=107&ContentType=G (accessed
May 1, 2007).
2. Article 20, paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Constitution of
Kazakhstan and the Law on Media and
Telecommunications (with last amendments of Jan.
2006) article 2, pararagraph 1.
3. International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators 2006. The Kazakhstan
Association of IT Companies estimated that 6.8 percent of the population used the Internet in 2005.
4. Source: The Agency for Informatizaton and
Communication of Kazakhstan.
5. For comparison, by the end of 2002 the total Internet
bandwidth capacity for Kazakhstan was 46Mb/s; by
the end of 2003 it was 189 Mb/s.
6. Kazakhstan’s investment in Internet capacity is part
of the USD110 million loan from the European Bank
for Reconstruction and Development. Lucent
Worldwide Services and Winncom Technologies are
providing support for the project. In 2006
Kazakhtelecom began construction of a next-generation network (NGN) and plans to deploy fixed wireless access (FWA) platforms such as Wi-Fi and
WiMAX.
7. Resolution no. 724 of the Kazakh government, dated
July 22, 2003.
8. Article 44, paragraph 20 of the Constitution of
Kazakhstan.
9. Decree no. 998 of September 29, 2004, Concerning
Question of Licensing in the Telecommunications
Sphere.
10. Nursat Public Contract, http://www.nursat.kz/?72
(in Russian).
11. http://www.blokada.org/print.php?sid=1985.
12. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=15919.
316
Country Summaries
1. See Commission on Security and Cooperation in
Europe, “Missed opportunity in Kazakhstan: Fraud
and intimidation spoil election promised to be “free
and fair,” December 15, 2005, http://www.csce.gov/
index.cfm?Fuseaction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&
ContentRecord_id=107&ContentType=G (accessed
May 1, 2007).
2. Article 20, paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Constitution of
Kazakhstan and the Law on Media and
Telecommunications (with last amendments of Jan.
2006) article 2, pararagraph 1.
3. International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators 2006. The Kazakhstan
Association of IT Companies estimated that 6.8 percent of the population used the Internet in 2005.
4. Source: The Agency for Informatizaton and
Communication of Kazakhstan.
5. For comparison, by the end of 2002 the total Internet
bandwidth capacity for Kazakhstan was 46Mb/s; by
the end of 2003 it was 189 Mb/s.
6. Kazakhstan’s investment in Internet capacity is part
of the USD110 million loan from the European Bank
for Reconstruction and Development. Lucent
Worldwide Services and Winncom Technologies are
providing support for the project. In 2006
Kazakhtelecom began construction of a next-generation network (NGN) and plans to deploy fixed wireless access (FWA) platforms such as Wi-Fi and
WiMAX.
7. Resolution no. 724 of the Kazakh government, dated
July 22, 2003.
8. Article 44, paragraph 20 of the Constitution of
Kazakhstan.
9. Decree no. 998 of September 29, 2004, Concerning
Question of Licensing in the Telecommunications
Sphere.
10. Nursat Public Contract, http://www.nursat.kz/?72
(in Russian).
11. http://www.blokada.org/print.php?sid=1985.
12. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=15919.
316
Country Summaries