46. IFEX, “Nigeria: Authorities shut down independent
publications,” 2004, http://www.ifex.org/en/content/
view/full/61264/.
47. Reporters Without Borders, “Sedition case dropped
against one journalist, another case adjourned,”
October 11, 2006, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?
id_article=18141 and CPJ “Nigeria: One journalist
still charged in sedition case?” October 12, 2006,
http://www.cpj.org/news/2006/africa/
nigeria12oct06na.html.
48. BBC News, Country Profile: Ivory Coast, April 16,
2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_
profiles/1043014.stm.
49. Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the
Press in 2006, Africa: Ivory Coast,
http://www.cpj.org/attacks06/africa06/ivory06.html.
50. Reporters Without Borders, Rwanda, Annual Report
2007, http://www.rsf.org/country36.php3?id_mot=203&Valider=OK and Committee
to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press in 2006,
Rwanda, http://www.cpj.org/attacks06/africa06/
rwa06.html.
51. Reporters Without Borders, “How to ‘kick out’ a foreign journalist,” March 31, 2006, http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=16911.
52. See, for example, Reporters Without Borders,
“Photographer roughed by president’s bodyguards
in church,” January 9, 2007, http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=20340; Reporters sans
Frontieres, “Tabloid editor jailed for a year because
unable to pay libel damages ordered by court,”
March 7, 2007, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3
?id_article=21225.
53. Reporters Without Borders, Tanzania: Annual Report
2006, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_
article=17403.
54. Reporters Without Borders, Ethiopia: Annual Report
2007, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_
article=20755&Valider=OK.
55. Press Reference, “Malawi press, media, TV, radio,
newspapers,” http://www.pressreference.com/
Ky-Ma/Malawi.html.
56. Reporters Without Borders, Zimbabwe: Annual
Report 2007, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?
id_article=20744&Valider=OK.
57. BBC News, “Zambian radio station shut down,”
August 20, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/
world/africa/1500031.stm.
58. A graphical representation of press freedom in subSaharan Africa can be found at http://www.rsf.org/
rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=36. While there are
areas of good or satisfactory press freedom, much
of the region has “noticeable problems” or is listed
as a “difficult situation.”
59. Schedule 1, Film and Publications Act 1996,
http://www.fpb.gov.za/docs_publications/
acts_regulations/acts.asp.
60. See schedule 1, Business Act 1991,
http://www.fpb.gov.za/news%5Cmedia_releases%5
C2006%5C12_September_2006.asp.
61. Pana, “Malawi: Clampdown on pornography,”
August 16, 2000, http://www.africafilmtv.com/
pages/newsflash/2001/eng2001/nf84.htm; IRIN,
“Malawi grapples with sex education,” June 3 2002,
http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=39867.
62. Censorship and Entertainments Control Act, §§13
and 26, http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/
censor_ent_act040501.pdf.
63. Mask, “Zimbabwe,” http://www.mask.org.za/
index.php?page=zimbabwe.
64. Telecommunications Act 1996, §53, http://www.bta.
org.bw/pubs/Botswana%20Telecommunications%
20Act%20-%201996.pdf.
65. Botswana’s National ICT Policy 2004, Appendix G,
Connectivity Laws and Policies, http://www.maitlamo.
gov.bw/docs/draft-policies/appx-g-connectivity_
laws_and_policies_final_jan_10.pdf.
66. Malawi National ICT for Development (ICT4D) Policy,
§§3.3.2 and 4.1.2.1, July 2006,
http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Policies/National%
20ICT%20Policy%204%20Development%
20-%20Draft%20(2).pdf.
67. Ministry of Communications and Transport, National
Information and Communications Technology Policy,
March 2003, www.tanzania.go.tz/pdf/ictpolicy.pdf.
68. International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators 2006.
69. Ibid.
70. Nigerian Cybercrime Working Group, Computer
Security and Critical Information Infrastructure
Protection Bill 2005, http://www.cybercrime.gov.ng/
site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id
=20&Itemid=56.
71. International Telecommunication Union, ITU ICT Eye:
Ghana, ICT Statistics 2005, http://www.itu.int/
ITU-D/icteye/DisplayCountry.aspx?countryId=90
72. Ghana Ministry of Communications, The Computer
and Computer Related Crimes Act, 2005,
http://www.moc.gov.gh/moc/files/
Draft%20E%20-%20Legislations/Ghana
ComputerCrimesAct010605.pdf.
73. International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators 2006.
74. MyADSL, “Local porn website deadline looming,”
December 5, 2006, http://www.mybroadband.
co.za/nephp/?m=show&id=5074.
75. X Biz, “South Africa will now prosecute
webmasters of adult dites,” February 1,2007,
http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/in07a.htm.
Regional Overviews
223
publications,” 2004, http://www.ifex.org/en/content/
view/full/61264/.
47. Reporters Without Borders, “Sedition case dropped
against one journalist, another case adjourned,”
October 11, 2006, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?
id_article=18141 and CPJ “Nigeria: One journalist
still charged in sedition case?” October 12, 2006,
http://www.cpj.org/news/2006/africa/
nigeria12oct06na.html.
48. BBC News, Country Profile: Ivory Coast, April 16,
2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_
profiles/1043014.stm.
49. Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the
Press in 2006, Africa: Ivory Coast,
http://www.cpj.org/attacks06/africa06/ivory06.html.
50. Reporters Without Borders, Rwanda, Annual Report
2007, http://www.rsf.org/country36.php3?id_mot=203&Valider=OK and Committee
to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press in 2006,
Rwanda, http://www.cpj.org/attacks06/africa06/
rwa06.html.
51. Reporters Without Borders, “How to ‘kick out’ a foreign journalist,” March 31, 2006, http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=16911.
52. See, for example, Reporters Without Borders,
“Photographer roughed by president’s bodyguards
in church,” January 9, 2007, http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=20340; Reporters sans
Frontieres, “Tabloid editor jailed for a year because
unable to pay libel damages ordered by court,”
March 7, 2007, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3
?id_article=21225.
53. Reporters Without Borders, Tanzania: Annual Report
2006, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_
article=17403.
54. Reporters Without Borders, Ethiopia: Annual Report
2007, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_
article=20755&Valider=OK.
55. Press Reference, “Malawi press, media, TV, radio,
newspapers,” http://www.pressreference.com/
Ky-Ma/Malawi.html.
56. Reporters Without Borders, Zimbabwe: Annual
Report 2007, http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?
id_article=20744&Valider=OK.
57. BBC News, “Zambian radio station shut down,”
August 20, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/
world/africa/1500031.stm.
58. A graphical representation of press freedom in subSaharan Africa can be found at http://www.rsf.org/
rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=36. While there are
areas of good or satisfactory press freedom, much
of the region has “noticeable problems” or is listed
as a “difficult situation.”
59. Schedule 1, Film and Publications Act 1996,
http://www.fpb.gov.za/docs_publications/
acts_regulations/acts.asp.
60. See schedule 1, Business Act 1991,
http://www.fpb.gov.za/news%5Cmedia_releases%5
C2006%5C12_September_2006.asp.
61. Pana, “Malawi: Clampdown on pornography,”
August 16, 2000, http://www.africafilmtv.com/
pages/newsflash/2001/eng2001/nf84.htm; IRIN,
“Malawi grapples with sex education,” June 3 2002,
http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=39867.
62. Censorship and Entertainments Control Act, §§13
and 26, http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/
censor_ent_act040501.pdf.
63. Mask, “Zimbabwe,” http://www.mask.org.za/
index.php?page=zimbabwe.
64. Telecommunications Act 1996, §53, http://www.bta.
org.bw/pubs/Botswana%20Telecommunications%
20Act%20-%201996.pdf.
65. Botswana’s National ICT Policy 2004, Appendix G,
Connectivity Laws and Policies, http://www.maitlamo.
gov.bw/docs/draft-policies/appx-g-connectivity_
laws_and_policies_final_jan_10.pdf.
66. Malawi National ICT for Development (ICT4D) Policy,
§§3.3.2 and 4.1.2.1, July 2006,
http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Policies/National%
20ICT%20Policy%204%20Development%
20-%20Draft%20(2).pdf.
67. Ministry of Communications and Transport, National
Information and Communications Technology Policy,
March 2003, www.tanzania.go.tz/pdf/ictpolicy.pdf.
68. International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators 2006.
69. Ibid.
70. Nigerian Cybercrime Working Group, Computer
Security and Critical Information Infrastructure
Protection Bill 2005, http://www.cybercrime.gov.ng/
site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id
=20&Itemid=56.
71. International Telecommunication Union, ITU ICT Eye:
Ghana, ICT Statistics 2005, http://www.itu.int/
ITU-D/icteye/DisplayCountry.aspx?countryId=90
72. Ghana Ministry of Communications, The Computer
and Computer Related Crimes Act, 2005,
http://www.moc.gov.gh/moc/files/
Draft%20E%20-%20Legislations/Ghana
ComputerCrimesAct010605.pdf.
73. International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators 2006.
74. MyADSL, “Local porn website deadline looming,”
December 5, 2006, http://www.mybroadband.
co.za/nephp/?m=show&id=5074.
75. X Biz, “South Africa will now prosecute
webmasters of adult dites,” February 1,2007,
http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/in07a.htm.
Regional Overviews
223