76. Ruth Walden, “Insult laws: An insult to press freedom,” Reston, Virginia: World Press Freedom
Committee, 2000, www.wpfc.org/Insult%20
Laws-Text.PDF.
77. IFEX, “IFEX delegation urges Botswana to repeal
outdated laws,” December 2, 2003,
http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/55399/.
78. See Prayer 4, Tsichlas v. Touch Line,
www.up.ac.za/academic/law/docs/RVD110_111June
_2004.doc, (accessed April 16, 2007).
79. Reinhardt Buys, “Internet litigation rapidly increasing
in SA,” August 21, 2005, http://www.mybroadband.co.za/nephp/index.php?m=show&opt=
printable&id=590.
80. Electronic Communications and Transactions Act
2002, §75, www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/
a25-02.pdf.
81. Tsichlas v. Touch Line,
www.up.ac.za/academic/law/docs/RVD110_111June
_2004.doc, (accessed April 16, 2007).
82. Estelle Ellis, “Speak no evil, in chatrooms at least,”
The Star, March 11, 2003,
http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fSaectionId=
327&fArticleId=57154
83. Reporters sans Frontieres, “Net censorship reaches
sub-Saharan Africa,” February 24, 2006,
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16569.
84. Conversion rate of 491.24 CFA francs to USD1 from
http://www.fms.treas.gov/intn.html, (last accessed
May 1, 2007).
85. Reporters Without Borders, Internet Under
Surveillance 2004: Senegal, http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=10727.
86. APC Blogs, Expression under Repression:WSIS and
the Net, 2005, http://blog.apc.org/en/index.shtml?x=
2503009.
87. For a more detailed description of the Internet filtration situation in Ethiopia, please refer to Ethiopia’s
country summary.
88. International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators 2006.
89. Privacy International, Internet Censorship Report
2003: South Africa, November 10, 2004,
http://africa.rights.apc.org/index.shtml?apc=
s21817e_1&x=28050
90. Ibid.
91. For more details of this fight, please refer to the
Zimbabwe country summary.
92. http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/default.asp?
sourceid=&smenu=84&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=3996&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&
ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&
repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=
&pform=&sc=1705&hn=talkzimbabwe&he=.com.
93. Nigerian Cybercrime Working Group Web site,
http://www.cybercrime.gov.ng/site/index.php.
94. Nigerian Cybercrime Working Group, Computer
Security and Critical Information Infrastructure
Protection Bill 2005, http://www.cybercrime.gov.ng/
site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id
=20&Itemid=56.
95. Nigerian Communications Act 2003, July 8, 2003,
http://ncc.gov.ng/RegulatorFramework/Nigerian%
20Communications%20Act,%202003.pdf.
96. Ghana Ministry of Communications,
Telecommunications Act 2005, Part 8 “Testing and
Inspection” and 9 “Offences,” http://www.moc.gov.
gh/moc/files/Draft%20E%20%20Legislations/GhanaTelecomActdraft2.pdf.
97. Ghana Ministry of Communications,
Telecommunications Act 2005, Part 11, Article 55,
http://www.moc.gov.gh/moc/files/Draft%20E%
20-%20Legislations/GhanaTelecomActdraft2.pdf.
98. Ghana Ministry of Communications, The Computer
and Computer Related Crimes Act 2005,
http://www.moc.gov.gh/moc/files/Draft%20E%
20-%20Legislations/GhanaComputerCrimesAct
010605.pdf.
99. Malawi National ICT for Development (ICT4D) Policy,
§3.3.2, July 2006, http://www.malawi.gov.mw/
Policies/National%20ICT%20Policy%204%20Develop
ment%20-%20Draft%20(2).pdf.
100. Botswana’s National ICT Policy 2004, Appendix G,
Legal Policy and e-Readiness, http://www.maitlamo.
gov.bw/docs/e-readiness/volume-1/appx-g-legal-ereadiness_july_6_rel_5th_aug_04.pdf.
101. Kenyan Copyright Act 2001, §22,
http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.
php/ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf?URL_ID=
30229&filename=11416612103ke_copyright_2001_
en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=428054
&name=ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf&location=user-S/.
102. Kenyan Copyright Act 2001, §26, http://portal.
unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ke_cop
yright_2001_en.pdf?URL_ID=30229&filename=
11416612103ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf&filetype=
application%2Fpdf&filesize=428054&name=
ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf&location=user-S/.
103. Southafrica.info, “Fighting fake DVDs—with fakes,”
May 19,2006, http://www.southafrica.info/
ess_info/sa_glance/media/dvd-piracy-190506.htm;
iafrica.com, “Software piracy costing Africa billions,”
October 16, 2006, http://cooltech.iafrica.com/
features/286314.htm.
104. World Intellectual Property Organization, The WIPO
Internet Treaties, www.wipo.org/freepublications/
en/ecommerce/450/wipo_pub_l450in.pdf (last
accessed April 24, 2007).
105. Electronic Communications and Transactions Act
2002, §75, www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/
a25-02.pdf.
224
Regional Overviews
Committee, 2000, www.wpfc.org/Insult%20
Laws-Text.PDF.
77. IFEX, “IFEX delegation urges Botswana to repeal
outdated laws,” December 2, 2003,
http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/55399/.
78. See Prayer 4, Tsichlas v. Touch Line,
www.up.ac.za/academic/law/docs/RVD110_111June
_2004.doc, (accessed April 16, 2007).
79. Reinhardt Buys, “Internet litigation rapidly increasing
in SA,” August 21, 2005, http://www.mybroadband.co.za/nephp/index.php?m=show&opt=
printable&id=590.
80. Electronic Communications and Transactions Act
2002, §75, www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/
a25-02.pdf.
81. Tsichlas v. Touch Line,
www.up.ac.za/academic/law/docs/RVD110_111June
_2004.doc, (accessed April 16, 2007).
82. Estelle Ellis, “Speak no evil, in chatrooms at least,”
The Star, March 11, 2003,
http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fSaectionId=
327&fArticleId=57154
83. Reporters sans Frontieres, “Net censorship reaches
sub-Saharan Africa,” February 24, 2006,
http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16569.
84. Conversion rate of 491.24 CFA francs to USD1 from
http://www.fms.treas.gov/intn.html, (last accessed
May 1, 2007).
85. Reporters Without Borders, Internet Under
Surveillance 2004: Senegal, http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=10727.
86. APC Blogs, Expression under Repression:WSIS and
the Net, 2005, http://blog.apc.org/en/index.shtml?x=
2503009.
87. For a more detailed description of the Internet filtration situation in Ethiopia, please refer to Ethiopia’s
country summary.
88. International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication Indicators 2006.
89. Privacy International, Internet Censorship Report
2003: South Africa, November 10, 2004,
http://africa.rights.apc.org/index.shtml?apc=
s21817e_1&x=28050
90. Ibid.
91. For more details of this fight, please refer to the
Zimbabwe country summary.
92. http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/default.asp?
sourceid=&smenu=84&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=3996&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&
ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&
repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=
&pform=&sc=1705&hn=talkzimbabwe&he=.com.
93. Nigerian Cybercrime Working Group Web site,
http://www.cybercrime.gov.ng/site/index.php.
94. Nigerian Cybercrime Working Group, Computer
Security and Critical Information Infrastructure
Protection Bill 2005, http://www.cybercrime.gov.ng/
site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id
=20&Itemid=56.
95. Nigerian Communications Act 2003, July 8, 2003,
http://ncc.gov.ng/RegulatorFramework/Nigerian%
20Communications%20Act,%202003.pdf.
96. Ghana Ministry of Communications,
Telecommunications Act 2005, Part 8 “Testing and
Inspection” and 9 “Offences,” http://www.moc.gov.
gh/moc/files/Draft%20E%20%20Legislations/GhanaTelecomActdraft2.pdf.
97. Ghana Ministry of Communications,
Telecommunications Act 2005, Part 11, Article 55,
http://www.moc.gov.gh/moc/files/Draft%20E%
20-%20Legislations/GhanaTelecomActdraft2.pdf.
98. Ghana Ministry of Communications, The Computer
and Computer Related Crimes Act 2005,
http://www.moc.gov.gh/moc/files/Draft%20E%
20-%20Legislations/GhanaComputerCrimesAct
010605.pdf.
99. Malawi National ICT for Development (ICT4D) Policy,
§3.3.2, July 2006, http://www.malawi.gov.mw/
Policies/National%20ICT%20Policy%204%20Develop
ment%20-%20Draft%20(2).pdf.
100. Botswana’s National ICT Policy 2004, Appendix G,
Legal Policy and e-Readiness, http://www.maitlamo.
gov.bw/docs/e-readiness/volume-1/appx-g-legal-ereadiness_july_6_rel_5th_aug_04.pdf.
101. Kenyan Copyright Act 2001, §22,
http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.
php/ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf?URL_ID=
30229&filename=11416612103ke_copyright_2001_
en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=428054
&name=ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf&location=user-S/.
102. Kenyan Copyright Act 2001, §26, http://portal.
unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ke_cop
yright_2001_en.pdf?URL_ID=30229&filename=
11416612103ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf&filetype=
application%2Fpdf&filesize=428054&name=
ke_copyright_2001_en.pdf&location=user-S/.
103. Southafrica.info, “Fighting fake DVDs—with fakes,”
May 19,2006, http://www.southafrica.info/
ess_info/sa_glance/media/dvd-piracy-190506.htm;
iafrica.com, “Software piracy costing Africa billions,”
October 16, 2006, http://cooltech.iafrica.com/
features/286314.htm.
104. World Intellectual Property Organization, The WIPO
Internet Treaties, www.wipo.org/freepublications/
en/ecommerce/450/wipo_pub_l450in.pdf (last
accessed April 24, 2007).
105. Electronic Communications and Transactions Act
2002, §75, www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/
a25-02.pdf.
224
Regional Overviews