17. Reporters Without Borders, “Internet under surveillance 2004: Senegal,” http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=10727.
18. International Telecommunication Union, Regulatory
Newslog, “Privatisation of Telkom Kenya Limited,”
March 29, 2007, http://www.itu.int/ituweblogs/
treg/Privatisation+Of+Telkom+Kenya+Limited.aspx
(explaining the slow and limited process of privatizing Telkom Kenya).
19. Some countries have even regressed. In Zimbabwe
the government unsuccessfully tried to reinstate
TelOne’s monopoly status in 2004 after the market
was liberalized by the High Court in 1998.
20. See, for example, Privacy International, Internet
Censorship Report 2003: South Africa, November
2004, http://africa.rights.apc.org/index.shtml?
apc=s21817e_1&x=28050.
21. International Telecommunication Union, The Internet
in an Africa LDC: Uganda Case Study, 2001,
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/cs/uganda/material/
uganda.pdf.
22. Ibid.
23. Calculated with values from World Bank, World
Development Indicators (WDI) Online. 2005 figures.
Available with subscription at
http://go.worldbank.org/DBWYD75Y60.
24. International Telecommunication Union, The Internet
in an Africa LDC: Uganda Case Study, 2001,
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/cs/uganda/material/
uganda.pdf.
25. Ibid.
26. Botswana Telecommunications Authority, “Internet in
Botswana,” http://www.bta.org.bw/internet.html.
27. Government of Rwanda: An Integrated ICT-Led
Socio-Economic Development Plan for Rwanda
2006-2010: The NICI-2010 Plan,
http://www.rita.gov.rw/docs/NICI%202010.pdf.
28. National Information Technology Development
Agency of Nigeria, http://www.nitda.gov.ng/
project.htm.
29. Nigeria First, Official Web site of the Nigerian Office
of Public Communications, Institutional Profiles:
NITDA and Nigeria’s Quest for IT Advancement,
March 15, 2007, http://www.nigeriafirst.org/
article_6474.shtml.
30. Network Startup Resource Center, “Internet
eXchange Points in Africa,” March 2007,
http://www.nsrc.org/AFRICA/afr_ix.html.
31. Figure calculated from International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators
2006 data.
32. Constitution of South Africa, Chapter 2,
http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/
1996/96cons2.htm#16.
33. Malawi Constitution 1994, http://www.africa.upenn.
edu/Govern_Political/mlwi_const.html.
34. Constitution of South Africa, Chapter 2,
http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/
1996/96cons2.htm#16.
35. Parliament of Ghana, the Constitution, Chapter
Twelve, “Freedom and Independence of the Media,”
http://www.parliament.gh/const_constitution.php#
Chapter%2012.
36. Constitution of Zimbabwe, §11, http://www.parlzim.
gov.zw/Resources/Constitution/constitution.html.
37. Rwanda Republic, Legal and Constitutional
Commission, Constitution of the Republic of
Rwanda, http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/.
38. While Kenya’s Constitution protects “freedom of
expression” and the “freedom to communicate ideas
and information,” there is a broad exception where
the government, acting under color of law, places
restrictions “in the interest of defence, public safety,
public order, public morality or public health,” on
defamation, on privileged information, and on government employees. Kenya Constitution, §79,
http://www.usig.org/countryinfo/laws/Kenya/
Constitution.pdf.
39. Parliament of Ghana, the Constitution, Chapter
Twelve, “Freedom and Independence of the Media,”
http://www.parliament.gh/const_constitution.php#
Chapter%2012.
40. IFEX, “IFEX delegation urges Botswana to repeal
outdated laws,” December 2, 2003, http://www.ifex.org/
en/content/view/full/55399/.
41. See quote from §18.1 of Liberian Penal Code in
Tukpah, Isaac Vah, “A rebuttal to Theodore Hodge’s:
Presidential Minister Willis knuckles: Villain or victim?”
February 22, 2007, http://www.theperspective.org/
articles/2007/0222200703.html.
42. See description of the Official Secrets Act at Press
Reference, “Malawi Press, Media, TV, Radio,
Newspapers,” http://www.pressreference.com/
Ky-Ma/Malawi.html.
43. Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the
Press in 2006, Africa: Rwanda, http://www.cpj.org/
attacks06/africa06/rwa06.html. The press played an
incendiary role in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. NPR,
On the Media, “We wish to inform you,” March 23,
2007, http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2007/03/
23/04.
44. Human Rights Watch, “Nigeria: Anti-gay bill
threatens democratic reforms,” February 28, 2007,
http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/02/28/nigeri15431.
htm.
45. International Freedom of Expression Exchange,
“Violations against journalists and media rights rise
in 2006, reports MFWA,” January 18, 2007,
http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/80493/.
222
Regional Overviews
article.php3?id_article=10727.
18. International Telecommunication Union, Regulatory
Newslog, “Privatisation of Telkom Kenya Limited,”
March 29, 2007, http://www.itu.int/ituweblogs/
treg/Privatisation+Of+Telkom+Kenya+Limited.aspx
(explaining the slow and limited process of privatizing Telkom Kenya).
19. Some countries have even regressed. In Zimbabwe
the government unsuccessfully tried to reinstate
TelOne’s monopoly status in 2004 after the market
was liberalized by the High Court in 1998.
20. See, for example, Privacy International, Internet
Censorship Report 2003: South Africa, November
2004, http://africa.rights.apc.org/index.shtml?
apc=s21817e_1&x=28050.
21. International Telecommunication Union, The Internet
in an Africa LDC: Uganda Case Study, 2001,
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/cs/uganda/material/
uganda.pdf.
22. Ibid.
23. Calculated with values from World Bank, World
Development Indicators (WDI) Online. 2005 figures.
Available with subscription at
http://go.worldbank.org/DBWYD75Y60.
24. International Telecommunication Union, The Internet
in an Africa LDC: Uganda Case Study, 2001,
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/cs/uganda/material/
uganda.pdf.
25. Ibid.
26. Botswana Telecommunications Authority, “Internet in
Botswana,” http://www.bta.org.bw/internet.html.
27. Government of Rwanda: An Integrated ICT-Led
Socio-Economic Development Plan for Rwanda
2006-2010: The NICI-2010 Plan,
http://www.rita.gov.rw/docs/NICI%202010.pdf.
28. National Information Technology Development
Agency of Nigeria, http://www.nitda.gov.ng/
project.htm.
29. Nigeria First, Official Web site of the Nigerian Office
of Public Communications, Institutional Profiles:
NITDA and Nigeria’s Quest for IT Advancement,
March 15, 2007, http://www.nigeriafirst.org/
article_6474.shtml.
30. Network Startup Resource Center, “Internet
eXchange Points in Africa,” March 2007,
http://www.nsrc.org/AFRICA/afr_ix.html.
31. Figure calculated from International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators
2006 data.
32. Constitution of South Africa, Chapter 2,
http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/
1996/96cons2.htm#16.
33. Malawi Constitution 1994, http://www.africa.upenn.
edu/Govern_Political/mlwi_const.html.
34. Constitution of South Africa, Chapter 2,
http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/
1996/96cons2.htm#16.
35. Parliament of Ghana, the Constitution, Chapter
Twelve, “Freedom and Independence of the Media,”
http://www.parliament.gh/const_constitution.php#
Chapter%2012.
36. Constitution of Zimbabwe, §11, http://www.parlzim.
gov.zw/Resources/Constitution/constitution.html.
37. Rwanda Republic, Legal and Constitutional
Commission, Constitution of the Republic of
Rwanda, http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/.
38. While Kenya’s Constitution protects “freedom of
expression” and the “freedom to communicate ideas
and information,” there is a broad exception where
the government, acting under color of law, places
restrictions “in the interest of defence, public safety,
public order, public morality or public health,” on
defamation, on privileged information, and on government employees. Kenya Constitution, §79,
http://www.usig.org/countryinfo/laws/Kenya/
Constitution.pdf.
39. Parliament of Ghana, the Constitution, Chapter
Twelve, “Freedom and Independence of the Media,”
http://www.parliament.gh/const_constitution.php#
Chapter%2012.
40. IFEX, “IFEX delegation urges Botswana to repeal
outdated laws,” December 2, 2003, http://www.ifex.org/
en/content/view/full/55399/.
41. See quote from §18.1 of Liberian Penal Code in
Tukpah, Isaac Vah, “A rebuttal to Theodore Hodge’s:
Presidential Minister Willis knuckles: Villain or victim?”
February 22, 2007, http://www.theperspective.org/
articles/2007/0222200703.html.
42. See description of the Official Secrets Act at Press
Reference, “Malawi Press, Media, TV, Radio,
Newspapers,” http://www.pressreference.com/
Ky-Ma/Malawi.html.
43. Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the
Press in 2006, Africa: Rwanda, http://www.cpj.org/
attacks06/africa06/rwa06.html. The press played an
incendiary role in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. NPR,
On the Media, “We wish to inform you,” March 23,
2007, http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2007/03/
23/04.
44. Human Rights Watch, “Nigeria: Anti-gay bill
threatens democratic reforms,” February 28, 2007,
http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/02/28/nigeri15431.
htm.
45. International Freedom of Expression Exchange,
“Violations against journalists and media rights rise
in 2006, reports MFWA,” January 18, 2007,
http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/80493/.
222
Regional Overviews