4.3.5 Latin America
In the Caribbean Environment Programme, the Cartagena Convention provides the
framework. It was adopted in 1983 and entered into force in 1986. There are three
protocols under this convention: the Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil Spills in the Wider Caribbean Region, adopted in 1983 and entered into force
on 11 October 1986; the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) in the Wider Caribbean Region, adopted on 18 January 1990 and
entered into force on 18 June 2000; and the Protocol Concerning Pollution from
Land-Based Sources and Activities, adopted on 6 October 1999 and entered into
force on 13 August 2010. The Caribbean Regional Co-ordinating Unit (CAR/RCU)
located in Kingston, Jamaica, was established as the Secretariat for the Caribbean
Environment Programme and Cartagena Convention and its Protocols.
116
In this region, the South-East Pacific Action Plan also provides the basis for the
regional cooperation for the protection of the marine environment. This Action Plan
was adopted together with the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Area of the Southeast Pacific (Lima Convention, 1981) and its
associated protocols. There are four associated protocols: the Agreement on
Regional Cooperation in Combating Pollution in the South East Pacific by Hydrocarbons and other Harmful Substances in cases of Emergency; the Protocol for the
Protection of the South East Pacific against Pollution from Land-Based Sources; the
Protocol for the Conservation and Management of Protected Marine and Coastal
Areas of the South East Pacific; and the Protocol for the Protection of the South East
Pacific from Radioactive Pollution. The Action Plan is implemented within the
framework of inter-agency cooperation between the Permanent Commission for
the South Pacific (CPPS), UNEP and some two dozen agencies, programmes and
Convention Secretariats.
117
4.3.6 Middle East
In the Regional Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection and Development
of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Areas in Kuwait in 1978, the participants
agreed to sign the Kuwait Regional Convention for Cooperation on the Protection of
the Marine Environment from Pollution (Kuwait Convention) with the Kuwait
Action Plan for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment and
the Coastal Areas and the Protocol Concerning Regional Co-operation in Combating
116 See http://www.unenvironment.org/cep/who-we-are/cartagena-convention. The text of the Convention is available at http://cep.unep.org/cartagena-convention/text-of-the-cartagena-convention.
117 See https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/oceans-seas/what-we-do/working-regionalseas/regional-seas-programmes/south-east. The text of the Convention is available at http://cpps.
dyndns.info/consulta/documentos/legal/convenios/CONVENIO%20PARA%20LA%
20PROTECCION%20DEL%20MEDIO%20AMBIENTE%20Y%20ZONA%20COSTERA%
20DEL%20PS/ (Spanish text).
2 Implementation of the Rules of the UNCLOS Through Universal and Regional. . .
31
In the Caribbean Environment Programme, the Cartagena Convention provides the
framework. It was adopted in 1983 and entered into force in 1986. There are three
protocols under this convention: the Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil Spills in the Wider Caribbean Region, adopted in 1983 and entered into force
on 11 October 1986; the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) in the Wider Caribbean Region, adopted on 18 January 1990 and
entered into force on 18 June 2000; and the Protocol Concerning Pollution from
Land-Based Sources and Activities, adopted on 6 October 1999 and entered into
force on 13 August 2010. The Caribbean Regional Co-ordinating Unit (CAR/RCU)
located in Kingston, Jamaica, was established as the Secretariat for the Caribbean
Environment Programme and Cartagena Convention and its Protocols.
116
In this region, the South-East Pacific Action Plan also provides the basis for the
regional cooperation for the protection of the marine environment. This Action Plan
was adopted together with the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Area of the Southeast Pacific (Lima Convention, 1981) and its
associated protocols. There are four associated protocols: the Agreement on
Regional Cooperation in Combating Pollution in the South East Pacific by Hydrocarbons and other Harmful Substances in cases of Emergency; the Protocol for the
Protection of the South East Pacific against Pollution from Land-Based Sources; the
Protocol for the Conservation and Management of Protected Marine and Coastal
Areas of the South East Pacific; and the Protocol for the Protection of the South East
Pacific from Radioactive Pollution. The Action Plan is implemented within the
framework of inter-agency cooperation between the Permanent Commission for
the South Pacific (CPPS), UNEP and some two dozen agencies, programmes and
Convention Secretariats.
117
4.3.6 Middle East
In the Regional Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection and Development
of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Areas in Kuwait in 1978, the participants
agreed to sign the Kuwait Regional Convention for Cooperation on the Protection of
the Marine Environment from Pollution (Kuwait Convention) with the Kuwait
Action Plan for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment and
the Coastal Areas and the Protocol Concerning Regional Co-operation in Combating
116 See http://www.unenvironment.org/cep/who-we-are/cartagena-convention. The text of the Convention is available at http://cep.unep.org/cartagena-convention/text-of-the-cartagena-convention.
117 See https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/oceans-seas/what-we-do/working-regionalseas/regional-seas-programmes/south-east. The text of the Convention is available at http://cpps.
dyndns.info/consulta/documentos/legal/convenios/CONVENIO%20PARA%20LA%
20PROTECCION%20DEL%20MEDIO%20AMBIENTE%20Y%20ZONA%20COSTERA%
20DEL%20PS/ (Spanish text).
2 Implementation of the Rules of the UNCLOS Through Universal and Regional. . .
31