Moscow-Europe and is connected to more than 200 Western ISPs at a couple of European Internet
exchanges. Comstar-Direct is a subsidiary of Comstar, one of the largest telecoms in Russia. For
international Internet connection, see http://www.comstar-uts.com/ru/services/internet/. Also see
http://www.comstar-direct.ru.
27. Metrocom operates predominantly in the northwest of Russia. It is owned in majority by the
city of St. Petersburg and closed joint stock company MST.
28. Corbina is one of the largest Russian ISPs. It has coverage in more than 20 regions, but it operates mostly in the Moscow region. Corbina does not have its own independent network and is
connected to foreign networks through TeliaSonera’s and GoldenTelecom’s lines. The controlling
shareholder is GoldenTelecom. See Corbina ISP, http://home.corbina.ru/news/2007/05/29/1653
.html.
29. CentrTelecom is one of the largest ISPs operating in the central part of Russia. It currently provides broadband connection, including xDSL, to more than 120,000 users. CentrTelecom is state
run, and the majority shareholder is SvyazInvest. European Communications, ‘‘Russian Operator
Center Telecom Selects Italtel for Implementation of Broadband and VoIP,’’ July 3, 2007, See
http://www.eurocomms.com/online_press/111822/Russian_operator_Center_Telecom_selects_Italtel
_for_implementation_of_broadband_and_VoIP_.html.
30. RTComm was founded by SvyazInvest and Rostelecom; now it is now part of the Sinterra
group, which is part of PromSvyazCapital, a private investment and media holding company. See
RTComm, http://www.rtcomm.ru/geo/net/.
31. RETN.net operates a network joining Russian and Western ISPs. It serves over 140 national
and foreign companies having some 500 direct connections between the Russian and international ISPs. It has points of presence in New York, London, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Helsinki,
and Frankfurt, as well as in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other Russian cities. RETN.net is connected to Internet exchanges in New York, London, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, and Moscow.
See RETN.net, ‘‘About Company,’’ http://www.retn.net/about.
32. RiNet is owned by Sibirtelecom, http://www2.sibirtelecom.ru.
33. Order No. 127 on the Organization of Activities Concerned with the Consideration of
Telecommunications Carriers’ Requests Concerning the Issues of Telecommunication Networks
Interconnection and Interaction issued by the Minister of Information Technologies and Communications on November 10, 2005.
34. Moscow Internet Exchange, http://www.msk-ix.ru/; Russia IP Traffic Exchange, http://www
.ripn.net:8080/ix/.
35. Moscow Internet Exchange, http://www.msk-ix.ru/; graphs of traffic at http://www.msk-ix.ru/
network/traffic.html.
36. PMR IT & Telecoms in Russia, http://www.ictrussia.com.
37. J’son and Partners, ‘‘Forecast about IPTV Development in Russia (2007–2010),’’ Rumetrika,
June, 16, 2007, http://rumetrika.rambler.ru/publ/article_show.html?article=3221.
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exchanges. Comstar-Direct is a subsidiary of Comstar, one of the largest telecoms in Russia. For
international Internet connection, see http://www.comstar-uts.com/ru/services/internet/. Also see
http://www.comstar-direct.ru.
27. Metrocom operates predominantly in the northwest of Russia. It is owned in majority by the
city of St. Petersburg and closed joint stock company MST.
28. Corbina is one of the largest Russian ISPs. It has coverage in more than 20 regions, but it operates mostly in the Moscow region. Corbina does not have its own independent network and is
connected to foreign networks through TeliaSonera’s and GoldenTelecom’s lines. The controlling
shareholder is GoldenTelecom. See Corbina ISP, http://home.corbina.ru/news/2007/05/29/1653
.html.
29. CentrTelecom is one of the largest ISPs operating in the central part of Russia. It currently provides broadband connection, including xDSL, to more than 120,000 users. CentrTelecom is state
run, and the majority shareholder is SvyazInvest. European Communications, ‘‘Russian Operator
Center Telecom Selects Italtel for Implementation of Broadband and VoIP,’’ July 3, 2007, See
http://www.eurocomms.com/online_press/111822/Russian_operator_Center_Telecom_selects_Italtel
_for_implementation_of_broadband_and_VoIP_.html.
30. RTComm was founded by SvyazInvest and Rostelecom; now it is now part of the Sinterra
group, which is part of PromSvyazCapital, a private investment and media holding company. See
RTComm, http://www.rtcomm.ru/geo/net/.
31. RETN.net operates a network joining Russian and Western ISPs. It serves over 140 national
and foreign companies having some 500 direct connections between the Russian and international ISPs. It has points of presence in New York, London, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Helsinki,
and Frankfurt, as well as in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other Russian cities. RETN.net is connected to Internet exchanges in New York, London, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, and Moscow.
See RETN.net, ‘‘About Company,’’ http://www.retn.net/about.
32. RiNet is owned by Sibirtelecom, http://www2.sibirtelecom.ru.
33. Order No. 127 on the Organization of Activities Concerned with the Consideration of
Telecommunications Carriers’ Requests Concerning the Issues of Telecommunication Networks
Interconnection and Interaction issued by the Minister of Information Technologies and Communications on November 10, 2005.
34. Moscow Internet Exchange, http://www.msk-ix.ru/; Russia IP Traffic Exchange, http://www
.ripn.net:8080/ix/.
35. Moscow Internet Exchange, http://www.msk-ix.ru/; graphs of traffic at http://www.msk-ix.ru/
network/traffic.html.
36. PMR IT & Telecoms in Russia, http://www.ictrussia.com.
37. J’son and Partners, ‘‘Forecast about IPTV Development in Russia (2007–2010),’’ Rumetrika,
June, 16, 2007, http://rumetrika.rambler.ru/publ/article_show.html?article=3221.
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223