38. See http://ru-news.livejournal.com/.
39. Galina Stolyarova, ‘‘Working the Net,’’ Transitions Online, June 14, 2007, http://www.tol.cz/
look/TOL/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=222&NrSection=3&NrArticle=18778.
40. Anna Polyanskaya, Andrei Krivov, and Ivan Lomko, ‘‘Commissars of the Internet: The FSB at
the Computer,’’ Vestnik Online, April 30, 2003, http://www.vestnik.com/issues/2003/0430/win/
polyanskaya_krivov_lomko.htm.
41. European Digital Rights, ‘‘Putin wants Control of Russian Internet,’’ November 7, 2007,
http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number5.21/putin-russia-internet.
42. Global Integrity, ‘‘Russia: Integrity Indicators Scorecard,’’ 2007, http://report.globalintegrity
.org/Russia/2007/scorecard/7.
43. Ibid.
44. Russia Federal Law on Communication, N 126-FZ, July 7, 2003, http://minkomsvjaz.ru/5878/
7687.shtml.
45. The text of the law is at http://www.rg.ru/oficial/doc/federal_zak/126-03.shtm (in Russian). A
few amendments were introduced in 2006: http://www.rg.ru/2006/07/27/svyaz.html.
46. Federal Law No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006. See the text of the law at http://www.rg.ru/printable/
2006/07/29/personaljnye-dannye-dok.html (in Russian). The law follows the Council of Europe
Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to Automatic Processing of Personal
Data and incorporates it into national law. The Russian law provides for the establishment of a
data protection authority, which, instead of being independent, is envisioned as an agency within
the Ministry of Communications.
47. Federal Law No. 149-FZ of July 27, 2006. See the text of the law at http://www.rg.ru/2006/07/
29/informacia-dok.html.
48. Ivan Pavlov, ‘‘Access to Information is Obstructed in Russia,’’ Robert Amsterdam Blog, March
29, 2007, http://www.robertamsterdam.com/2007/03/ivan_pavlov_access_to_informat.htm.
49. No. 611 of May 12, 2004.
50. Federal Law on Mass Media No. 2124–1of 1991 with amendments of 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004, 2006, 2007. See http://www.rg.ru/1991/12/27/smi-zakon.html (in Russian).
51. Elena Kupriyanova, ‘‘Saity, kak Sredstva Massovoi Informatsii’’ [Sites as Means for Mass Information], smi.ru, February 12, 2008, http://www.smi.ru/08/02/12/908335250.html.
52. This number was determined based on the legal provision requiring registration for print
media with a distribution of 1,000 or more copies per day.
53. GZT.ru, ‘‘Klevetnikam Rossii’’ [Slanderers of Russia], February 11, 2008, http://gzt.ru/society/
2008/02/11/220201.html.
54. GIPP, ‘‘M. Seslavinskyi: ‘Serieznyie Rossiiskie Internet Saityi Doljnyi Registrirovat Sebya kak
Sredstva Massovoy Informacii’,’’ [‘‘M. Seslavinskyi: ‘The Serious Russian Internet Sites Must Regis224
Russia
39. Galina Stolyarova, ‘‘Working the Net,’’ Transitions Online, June 14, 2007, http://www.tol.cz/
look/TOL/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=222&NrSection=3&NrArticle=18778.
40. Anna Polyanskaya, Andrei Krivov, and Ivan Lomko, ‘‘Commissars of the Internet: The FSB at
the Computer,’’ Vestnik Online, April 30, 2003, http://www.vestnik.com/issues/2003/0430/win/
polyanskaya_krivov_lomko.htm.
41. European Digital Rights, ‘‘Putin wants Control of Russian Internet,’’ November 7, 2007,
http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number5.21/putin-russia-internet.
42. Global Integrity, ‘‘Russia: Integrity Indicators Scorecard,’’ 2007, http://report.globalintegrity
.org/Russia/2007/scorecard/7.
43. Ibid.
44. Russia Federal Law on Communication, N 126-FZ, July 7, 2003, http://minkomsvjaz.ru/5878/
7687.shtml.
45. The text of the law is at http://www.rg.ru/oficial/doc/federal_zak/126-03.shtm (in Russian). A
few amendments were introduced in 2006: http://www.rg.ru/2006/07/27/svyaz.html.
46. Federal Law No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006. See the text of the law at http://www.rg.ru/printable/
2006/07/29/personaljnye-dannye-dok.html (in Russian). The law follows the Council of Europe
Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to Automatic Processing of Personal
Data and incorporates it into national law. The Russian law provides for the establishment of a
data protection authority, which, instead of being independent, is envisioned as an agency within
the Ministry of Communications.
47. Federal Law No. 149-FZ of July 27, 2006. See the text of the law at http://www.rg.ru/2006/07/
29/informacia-dok.html.
48. Ivan Pavlov, ‘‘Access to Information is Obstructed in Russia,’’ Robert Amsterdam Blog, March
29, 2007, http://www.robertamsterdam.com/2007/03/ivan_pavlov_access_to_informat.htm.
49. No. 611 of May 12, 2004.
50. Federal Law on Mass Media No. 2124–1of 1991 with amendments of 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004, 2006, 2007. See http://www.rg.ru/1991/12/27/smi-zakon.html (in Russian).
51. Elena Kupriyanova, ‘‘Saity, kak Sredstva Massovoi Informatsii’’ [Sites as Means for Mass Information], smi.ru, February 12, 2008, http://www.smi.ru/08/02/12/908335250.html.
52. This number was determined based on the legal provision requiring registration for print
media with a distribution of 1,000 or more copies per day.
53. GZT.ru, ‘‘Klevetnikam Rossii’’ [Slanderers of Russia], February 11, 2008, http://gzt.ru/society/
2008/02/11/220201.html.
54. GIPP, ‘‘M. Seslavinskyi: ‘Serieznyie Rossiiskie Internet Saityi Doljnyi Registrirovat Sebya kak
Sredstva Massovoy Informacii’,’’ [‘‘M. Seslavinskyi: ‘The Serious Russian Internet Sites Must Regis224
Russia