and similar percentages in Uzbekistan. The number of women using the Internet in Uzbekistan
and Kazakhstan is equal to or larger than the number of their male counterparts. The proportion
is slightly in favor of men in Ukraine, while in Tajikistan only 22.5 percent of the Internet users
are women.
3. Miniwatts Marketing Group, ‘‘Internet World Statistics,’’ 2009, http://www.internetworldstats
.com.
4. Ibid.
5. Bishkek, ‘‘Isledovanie auditorii Internet v Kyrgyzstane’’ [Survey on the Internet Auditorium in
Kyrgyzstan], 2009.
6. United Nations, United Nations e-Government Survey 2008: From e-Government to Connected Governance, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN028607.pdf.
7. ‘‘Obshtestvenyi Fond ‘Grajdanskaya initsiativa internet politiki’ ’’ [Social Fund ‘Civil Initiative
for Internet Policy’].
8. Rafal Rohozinski, ‘‘Mapping Russian Cyberspace: Perspectives on Democracy and the Net,’’
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Discussion Paper 115, October 1999, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN015092.pdf.
9. Joshua Goldstein, ‘‘The Role of Digital Networked Technologies in the Ukrainian Orange Revolution,’’ Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2007-14, December 2007, http://cyber.law
.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Goldstein_Ukraine_2007.pdf.
10. Turkmenistan.ru, ‘‘MTS Podlklychila Turkmenov k Internetu’’ [MTS Connected Turkmens to
the Internet], April 18, 2008, http://www.turkmenistan.ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=ru&elem_id=12590
&type=event&sort=date_desc.
11. Alena Ledeneva, How Russia Really Works: The Informal Practices That Shaped Post-Soviet Politics
and Business (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).
12. TurkmenTelecom, http://www.online.tm.
13. See the general user agreement between Nursat, a major ISP, and its customers at ‘‘Public Contract,’’ http://www.nursat.kz/?72.
14. Doctrine of the Information Security of the Russian Federation, September 9, 2000, No.
Pr-1895, http://www.medialaw.ru/e_pages/laws/project/d2-4.htm.
15. An earlier attempt in 2008 to include the Internet in state legislation defining strategic sectors
was removed upon second reading in the parliament.
16. Prikaz Minsviazi RF, Order of Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation, 25 July
2000, http://www.libertarium.ru/libertarium/37988.
17. Freedom House, ‘‘Russia’’ in Freedom on the Internet: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital
Media, http://www.freedomhouse.org/printer_friendly.cfm?page=384&key=202&parent=19&report
=79, (last accessed October 26, 2009).
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CIS Overview
and Kazakhstan is equal to or larger than the number of their male counterparts. The proportion
is slightly in favor of men in Ukraine, while in Tajikistan only 22.5 percent of the Internet users
are women.
3. Miniwatts Marketing Group, ‘‘Internet World Statistics,’’ 2009, http://www.internetworldstats
.com.
4. Ibid.
5. Bishkek, ‘‘Isledovanie auditorii Internet v Kyrgyzstane’’ [Survey on the Internet Auditorium in
Kyrgyzstan], 2009.
6. United Nations, United Nations e-Government Survey 2008: From e-Government to Connected Governance, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN028607.pdf.
7. ‘‘Obshtestvenyi Fond ‘Grajdanskaya initsiativa internet politiki’ ’’ [Social Fund ‘Civil Initiative
for Internet Policy’].
8. Rafal Rohozinski, ‘‘Mapping Russian Cyberspace: Perspectives on Democracy and the Net,’’
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Discussion Paper 115, October 1999, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN015092.pdf.
9. Joshua Goldstein, ‘‘The Role of Digital Networked Technologies in the Ukrainian Orange Revolution,’’ Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2007-14, December 2007, http://cyber.law
.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Goldstein_Ukraine_2007.pdf.
10. Turkmenistan.ru, ‘‘MTS Podlklychila Turkmenov k Internetu’’ [MTS Connected Turkmens to
the Internet], April 18, 2008, http://www.turkmenistan.ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=ru&elem_id=12590
&type=event&sort=date_desc.
11. Alena Ledeneva, How Russia Really Works: The Informal Practices That Shaped Post-Soviet Politics
and Business (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).
12. TurkmenTelecom, http://www.online.tm.
13. See the general user agreement between Nursat, a major ISP, and its customers at ‘‘Public Contract,’’ http://www.nursat.kz/?72.
14. Doctrine of the Information Security of the Russian Federation, September 9, 2000, No.
Pr-1895, http://www.medialaw.ru/e_pages/laws/project/d2-4.htm.
15. An earlier attempt in 2008 to include the Internet in state legislation defining strategic sectors
was removed upon second reading in the parliament.
16. Prikaz Minsviazi RF, Order of Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation, 25 July
2000, http://www.libertarium.ru/libertarium/37988.
17. Freedom House, ‘‘Russia’’ in Freedom on the Internet: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital
Media, http://www.freedomhouse.org/printer_friendly.cfm?page=384&key=202&parent=19&report
=79, (last accessed October 26, 2009).
134
CIS Overview