Weigel et al. (Weigel 1998; Weigel et al. 2001, 2004a, b) described the existence
of drugs in the aquatic environment with higher amounts than reported earlier. Ali
et al. (2017a, b) reported the presence of drugs in surface, ground and drinking water.
Weiss (1993) reviewed the toxicity of some drugs and concluded that the contact to a
diversity of drugs can cause hematopoietic damage. The effect of these drugs is
based on different separate mechanisms, for example, suppression or destruction of
rapidly proliferating precursor cells, hematopoietic stem cells, altered hematopoietic
micro-environment, immune-mediated hematotoxicity, microvascular injury and
genetic mutation. All sorts of damages incline to result in granulocytopenia, and
the time course of the variations differs with the sort of injury. Immune-facilitated
reactions may happen at once or after months or years of treatment with a drug.
Drugs acting as mutagens can cause a range of hematopoietic syndromes with
aplastic myelodysplasia, leukaemia and anaemia. Furthermore, Atkin et al. (1999)
also reviewed the toxic properties of some drug reactions that sometimes pointed to
severe adversarial effects. The aspect “enantioselective toxic effects of drugs in the
environment” has been the subject of recent investigation. However, due to the
recent rapid development in this field in-line with the large diversity of the substance
group to cover under this heading, we refer to recent and updated review articles for
further reading (Wsol et al. 2004; Agrawal et al. 2007; Quinn 2008; Nunez et al.
2009; Smith 2009; Chmielewska and Baczek 2012; Petrović et al. 2013; Ribeiro
et al. 2018; Ballard et al. 2019; Song et al. 2020).
10.3 Enantioselective Partitioning
Enantioselective partitioning in environmental compartments has thus far not got
satisfactory consideration in scientific fate evaluations of chiral pollutants. Only
some studies reported that the discriminating adsorption onto sludge and soil may
occur enantioselectively (Wiberg et al. 2001; Pucko et al. 2012; Niu et al. 2017).
Organic material with chiral structures is assumed to be the reason for
enantioselective adsorption onto sludge and soil due to interaction with humic and
fulvic materials (Sanganyado et al. 2020). In particular, the role of “chiral faces” of
common soil creating minerals should not be ignored. The former studies presented
that adsorption of aspartate on calcite surfaces was stereoselective (Hazen and
Sverjensky 2010). Other minerals with “chiral surfaces” include alkali feldspar,
quartz and clinopyroxene, which may also lead to enantioselective adsorption. The
adsorption of oestrogens to Aldrich humic acid and leonardite was established to be
enantioselective (Qiao et al. 2011). Nevertheless, our knowledge on enantioselective
adsorption to organic matter from sediment and soil is scarce and needs further
research. In particular, variations in environmental conditions such as variations in
temperature, ionic strength, pH and the presence of other compounds may modify
enantioselective sorption. Therefore, systematic studies on the effects of these variables are essential for approving stereoselective adsorption mechanism and to
10.3 Enantioselective Partitioning
289
of drugs in the aquatic environment with higher amounts than reported earlier. Ali
et al. (2017a, b) reported the presence of drugs in surface, ground and drinking water.
Weiss (1993) reviewed the toxicity of some drugs and concluded that the contact to a
diversity of drugs can cause hematopoietic damage. The effect of these drugs is
based on different separate mechanisms, for example, suppression or destruction of
rapidly proliferating precursor cells, hematopoietic stem cells, altered hematopoietic
micro-environment, immune-mediated hematotoxicity, microvascular injury and
genetic mutation. All sorts of damages incline to result in granulocytopenia, and
the time course of the variations differs with the sort of injury. Immune-facilitated
reactions may happen at once or after months or years of treatment with a drug.
Drugs acting as mutagens can cause a range of hematopoietic syndromes with
aplastic myelodysplasia, leukaemia and anaemia. Furthermore, Atkin et al. (1999)
also reviewed the toxic properties of some drug reactions that sometimes pointed to
severe adversarial effects. The aspect “enantioselective toxic effects of drugs in the
environment” has been the subject of recent investigation. However, due to the
recent rapid development in this field in-line with the large diversity of the substance
group to cover under this heading, we refer to recent and updated review articles for
further reading (Wsol et al. 2004; Agrawal et al. 2007; Quinn 2008; Nunez et al.
2009; Smith 2009; Chmielewska and Baczek 2012; Petrović et al. 2013; Ribeiro
et al. 2018; Ballard et al. 2019; Song et al. 2020).
10.3 Enantioselective Partitioning
Enantioselective partitioning in environmental compartments has thus far not got
satisfactory consideration in scientific fate evaluations of chiral pollutants. Only
some studies reported that the discriminating adsorption onto sludge and soil may
occur enantioselectively (Wiberg et al. 2001; Pucko et al. 2012; Niu et al. 2017).
Organic material with chiral structures is assumed to be the reason for
enantioselective adsorption onto sludge and soil due to interaction with humic and
fulvic materials (Sanganyado et al. 2020). In particular, the role of “chiral faces” of
common soil creating minerals should not be ignored. The former studies presented
that adsorption of aspartate on calcite surfaces was stereoselective (Hazen and
Sverjensky 2010). Other minerals with “chiral surfaces” include alkali feldspar,
quartz and clinopyroxene, which may also lead to enantioselective adsorption. The
adsorption of oestrogens to Aldrich humic acid and leonardite was established to be
enantioselective (Qiao et al. 2011). Nevertheless, our knowledge on enantioselective
adsorption to organic matter from sediment and soil is scarce and needs further
research. In particular, variations in environmental conditions such as variations in
temperature, ionic strength, pH and the presence of other compounds may modify
enantioselective sorption. Therefore, systematic studies on the effects of these variables are essential for approving stereoselective adsorption mechanism and to
10.3 Enantioselective Partitioning
289